TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture AP Biology - Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the tree of life

This chapter explain the justification for taxonomy based on a PhyloCode; explain the importance of distinguishing between homology and analogy; distinguish between the following terms: monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups; shared ancestral and shared derived characters; orthologous and paralogous genes; define horizontal gene transfer and explain how it complicates phylogenetic trees. | Contrast adaptive radiation vs. convergent evolution? Give an example of each. What is the correct sequence from the most comprehensive to least comprehensive taxon? In a population of 500 rabbits, 320 are homozygous dominant for brown coat color (BB), 160 are heterozygous (Bb), and 20 are homozygous white (bb). What are the frequencies of the alleles (B and b)? What are the frequencies of the different genotypes (BB, Bb, and bb)? Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life What you need to know: The taxonomic categories and how they indicate relatedness. How systematics is used to develop phylogenetic trees. The three domains of life including their similarities and their differences. Systematics Taxonomy (classification) Phylogenetics (evolutionary history) Systematics: classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships Tools used to determine evolutionary relationships: Fossils Morphology (homologous structures) Molecular evidence (DNA, amino acids) Animals and fungi are more closely related than either is to plants. Who is more closely related? Taxonomy: science of classifying and naming organisms Binomial nomenclature (Genus species) Naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus. REMEMBER!! Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Spaghetti Dear King Philip Crossed Over Five Great Seas Dear King Philip Came Over From Germany Stoned Your own??? Phylogenetic Tree Branching diagram that shows evolutionary history of a group of organisms Activity: Constructing a Cookie Phylogenetic Tree Living (extant) species Common ancestor (fossil) Extant species Common ancestor Example of a Cookie Tree Clade = group of species that includes an ancestral species + all descendents Shared derived characteristics are used to construct cladograms Turtle Leopard Hair Amniotic egg Four walking legs Hinged jaws Vertebral column Salamander Tuna Lamprey Lancelet (outgroup) Cladogram Monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic groups Constructing a phylogenetic tree A 0 .

• Sinh học
• Phylogenetic tree
• Tree of life
• Lecture AP Biology
• Systems biology
• Biological sciences
• Biological organization
• Genome Biology
• Phylogenetically informed distances
• Phylogenetic distances
• Heretofore unrecognized cleavage
• BMC Bioinformatics
• Feature frequency profile
• Reading frame
• Summary statistics
• Phylogenetic tree construction
• Tree comparison
• Evolutionary history
• Gene family
• Phylogenetic inference
• Phylogenetic trees
• Tree building methods
• Maximum likelihood
• Distance measures
• Multiple sequence alignments
• Substitution matrices
• Molecular sequences
• BMC Genomics
• Tree diameter
• Rogue taxon removal
• Gene tree discordance
• Tree Shrink
• Molecular identification
• PCR amplification
• Phylogenetic diversity analysis
• Ralstonia Solanacearum
• Pseudomonas Fluorescens
• Balance index
• Sackin index
• Total cophenetic index
• Uniform model
• Reconstructing phylogenetic trees
• Interactive visualization
• taxonomic framework
• Ribosomal RNA
• Salmonella enterica
• 16S RNA
• Biochemical tests
• Salmonella enterica based on 16S RNA
• Amino acid
• Web platform
• Phylogenetic based methods
• Markov models
• Gene trees
• Species trees
• Phylogenetic estimates
• Data integration
• Biological studies
• Epidemiological information
• Strain specific genomic diversity
• Phylogenetic based classification
• M tuberculosis
• Disease outbreaks
• Newick format
• Phylogenetic tree recognition
• Image digitization
• Phylogeny preservation
• Evolutionary analyses
• Plant Biology
• Phylogenetic discordance
• Nucleotide substitution rates
• Gene characteristics
• Phylogenetic informativeness
• Marker gene
• Uncultivated species
• Draft genomes
• Incomplete genomes
• Journal of Biology
• Vector graphics
• Web server
• Evolution by Gene Duplication
• Diverged homologs
• BMC Veterinary Research
• New generation sequencing
• Virulence genes
• Phylogenetic analysis
• DNA barcodes
• ITS rDNA gene
• Tacca chantrieri
• Genus Tacca
• Lecture Biology
• Mitochondrial DNA
• Combining data
• Tree landscape
• Genomic scale sequence alignments
• Microbial community
• Significance tests
• 16S ribosomal RNA genes
• trình bày báo cáo
• tài liệu báo cáo khoa học
• nghiên cứu y học
• báo cáo y học
• kiến thức y học
• Nucleotide Substitution
• Bayesian Networks
• Statistical Inference
• Bayesian Network
• Learning Paradigm