TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Biology (6e): Chapter 17 - Campbell, Reece

Chapter 17 - From gene to protein. This chapter presents the following content: The study of metabolic defects provided evidence that genes specify proteins, transcription and translation are the two main processing linking gene to protein, in the genetic code, nucleotide triplets specify amino acids, in the genetic code, nucleotide triplets specify amino acids. | CHAPTER 17 FROM GENE TO PROTEIN Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Section A: The Connection Between Genes and Proteins 1. The study of metabolic defects provided evidence that genes specify proteins 2. Transcription and translation are the two main processing linking gene to protein: an overview 3. In the genetic code, nucleotide triplets specify amino acids 4. The genetic code must have evolved very early in the history of life The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands. The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are the links between genotype and phenotype. For example, Mendel’s dwarf pea plants lack a functioning copy of the gene that specifies the synthesis of a key protein, gibberellins. Gibberellins stimulate the normal elongation of stems. Introduction Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings In 1909, Archibald Gerrod was the first to suggest that genes dictate phenotype through enzymes that catalyze specific chemical reactions in the cell. The symptoms of an inherited disease reflect a person’s inability to synthesize a particular enzyme. Gerrod speculated that alkaptonuria, a hereditary disease, was caused by the absence of an enzyme that breaks down a specific substrate, alkapton. Research conducted several decades later supported Gerrod’s hypothesis. 1. The study of metabolic defects provided evidence that genes specify proteins Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Progress in linking genes and enzymes rested on the growing understanding that cells synthesize and degrade most organic molecules in a series of steps, a metabolic pathway. In the 1930s, George Beadle and Boris Ephrussi speculated that each mutation affecting eye color in Drosophila blocks pigment synthesis at a specific step by preventing production of the .

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