TAILIEUCHUNG - A New Ecology - Systems Perspective - Chapter 2

2 Ecosystems have openness (thermodynamic) Without the Sun, everything on Earth dies! WHY MUST ECOSYSTEMS BE OPEN? The many 1m-trees that we planted more than 30 years ago in our gardens, which may have been open fields at the time, are today more than 30 m tall. | 4 13 2007 12 32 Page 7 2 Ecosystems have openness thermodynamic Without the Sun everything on Earth dies From the plaintive Ukrainian folksong H SauuB sk BiTep. WHY MUST ECOSYSTEMS BE OPEN The many Im-trees that we planted more than 30 years ago in our gardens which may have been open fields at the time are today more than 30 m tall. They have increased the structure in the form of stems many times and they have more than a thousand times as many leaves and have grown often more than 1m in height since last spring. The structures of the gardens have changed. Today they have a high biodiversity - not so much due to different plants but the tall trees and the voluminous bushes with berries attract many insects and birds. The garden today is a much more complex ecosystem. The biomass has increased the biodiversity has increased and the number of ecological interactions among the many more species has increased. When you follow the development of an ecosystem over a longer period or even during a couple of spring months you are witness to one of the many wonders in nature an inconceivably complex system is developing in front of you. What makes this development of complex and beautiful systems in nature possible In accordance to classic thermodynamics all isolated systems will move toward thermodynamic equilibrium. All the gradients and structures in the system will be eliminated and a homogenous dead system will be the result. It is expressed thermodynamically as follows entropy will always increase in a isolated system. As work capacity is a result of gradients in certain intensive variables such as temperature pressure and chemical potential etc. see Table a system at thermodynamic equilibrium can do no work. But our gardens are moving away from thermodynamic equilibrium with almost a faster and faster rate every year. It means that our gardens cannot be isolated. They must be at least non-isolated but birds and insects and even .

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