TAILIEUCHUNG - Lecture Biology 25 (Human Biology): Chapter 11 - Prof. Gonsalves

Chapter 11 provides knowledge of skeletal system. The main contents of this chapter include all of the following: Tissues of the skeletal system, bone growth and repair, bones of the skeleton, articulations, homeostasis. | Chapter 11 Biology 25: Human Biology Prof. Gonsalves Los Angeles City College Loosely Based on Mader’s Human Biology,7th edition Skeletal System Components: Bones, ligaments, and cartilage. Functions: Along with muscular system: Movement and locomotion. Mechanical work: Lifting, pulling, pushing objects. Body support. Protection of delicate internal organs (brain, heart, lungs, etc.) Calcium storage Homeostatic Role: Helps maintain constant blood calcium levels. Skeletal System: Protection, Movement, & Support Connective Tissue Large amounts of extracellular (ECF) material in the spaces between connective tissue cells. 4 Types of Connective Tissue: Connective tissue proper Cartilage Bone Blood Connective Tissue Proper Loose connective tissue: Scattered collagen and tissue fluid. Dermis of skin Dense fibrous connective tissue: Regular arranged. Collagen oriented in same direction. Tendons Irregularly arranged. Resists forces applied in many directions. Capsules and sheaths Cartilage Chondrocytes. Supportive and protective tissue. Elastic properties to tissues. Precursor to many bones. Articular surfaces on joints. Bone Hydroxyapatite crystals Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells Osteocytes: Trapped osteoblasts: less active Osteoclasts: Bone resorbing cells General Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis - main shaft of the bone Epiphysis - large end of the bone Metaphysis - where above meet during bone growth Articular Cartilage - covers epiphysis, reduce friction Periosteum - dense, white covering around the bone fibrous layer - blood, lymph, nerves pass through osteogenic layer - where bone cells originate Medullary (marrow) Cavity - adults, yellow marrow Endosteum - lines medullary cavity, houses bone cells Microanatomy of Compact (Dense) Bone General Features few empty spaces (dense) thicker in diaphysis than epiphysis concentric ring-like structure Osteon (Haversian System) - Components of Compact Bone central (Haversian) canal - vessels and nerves osteocytes - mature bone

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