TAILIEUCHUNG - A White Paper Describing Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Bed Methane

Measurement of efficiency started with Farrell (1957) who, following Debreu (1951) and Koopmas (1951), proposed a division of efficiency into two components: technical efficiency, which represents a firm’s ability to produce a maximum level of output from a given level of inputs, and allocative efficiency, which is the ability of a firm to use inputs in optimal proportions, given their respective prices and available technology. The combination of these two measures yields the level of economic efficiency. There are several approaches to analyse the determinants of technical efficiency from stochastic production frontier functions. One set of authors followed a two- step procedure in which the frontier production function. | A White Paper Describing Produced Water from Production of Crude Oil Natural Gas and Coal Bed Methane Prepared for . Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38 Prepared by. Argonne National Laboratory John A. Veil Markus G. Puder Deborah Elcock Robert J. Redweik Jr. January 2004 Produced Water White Paper i TABLE OF CONTENT Executive 1 What Is Produced Water .1 Layout of White 2 Produced Water Characteristics. 3 Major Components of Produced Water . 3 Produced Water from Oil Production . 3 Produced Water from Gas Production . 4 Produced Water from Coal Bed Methane CBM Specific Produced Water Constituents and Their Constituents in Produced Waters from Conventional Oil and Dispersed Dissolved or Soluble Organic Treatment Produced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material NORM .9 Constituents in Produced Waters from CBM Other Impacts of Produced Water Impacts of Discharging Produced Water in Marine Acute Chronic Produced Water White Paper ii Impacts of Discharging CBM Produced Other Impact 3 Produced Water Water-to-Oil Factors Affecting Produced Water Production and Volume of Produced W ater Generated Onshore in the Volume of Produced Water Generated Offshore in the 4 Regulatory Requirements Governing Produced Water Introductory Discharge of Produced Calculation of Effluent Effluent Limitation .

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