TAILIEUCHUNG - Báo cáo khoa học: "Semi-Supervised Modeling for Prenominal Modifier Ordering"

A central issue in work on modifier ordering is how to order modifiers that are unobserved during system development. English has upwards of 200,000 words, with over 50,000 words in the vocabulary of an educated adult (Aitchison, 2003). Up to a quarter of these words may be adjectives, which poses a significant problem for any system that attempts to categorize English adjectives in ways that are useful for an ordering task. Extensive in-context observation of adjectives and other modifiers is required to 1 Introduction adequately characterize their behavior. . | Semi-Supervised Modeling for Prenominal Modifier Ordering Margaret Mitchell Aaron Dunlop Brian Roark University of Aberdeen Oregon Health Science University Oregon Health Science University Aberdeen Scotland . Portland OR Portland OR dunlopa@ roark@ Abstract In this paper we argue that ordering prenom-inal modifiers - typically pursued as a supervised modeling task - is particularly well-suited to semi-supervised approaches. By relying on automatic parses to extract noun phrases we can scale up the training data by orders of magnitude. This minimizes the predominant issue of data sparsity that has informed most previous approaches. We compare several recent approaches and find improvements from additional training data across the board however none outperform a simple n-gram model. 1 Introduction In any given noun phrase NP an arbitrary number of nominal modifiers may be used. The order of these modifiers affects how natural or fluent a phrase sounds. Determining a natural ordering is a key task in the surface realization stage of a natural language generation NLG system where the adjectives and other modifiers chosen to identify a referent must be ordered before a final string is produced. For example consider the alternation between the phrases big red ball and red big ball . The phrase big red ball provides a basic ordering of the words big and red. The reverse ordering in red big ball sounds strange a phrase that would only occur in marked situations. There is no consensus on the exact qualities that affect a modifier s position but it is clear that some modifier orderings sound more natural than others even if all are strictly speaking grammatical. Determining methods for ordering modifiers prenominally and investigating the factors underlying modifier ordering have been areas of consider- processing Shaw and Hatzivassiloglou 1999 Mal-ouf 2000 Mitchell 2009 Dunlop et al. 2010 linguistics Whorf 1945 Vendler 1968

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