TAILIEUCHUNG - Cars - The implications of mass car ownership in the emerging market giants

The nonholonomic nature of the car-like robot is related to the assump- tion that the robot wheels roll without slipping. This implies the presence of a nonintegrable set of rst-order di erential constraints on the conguration variables. While these nonholonomic constraints reduce the instantaneous mo- tions that the robot can perform, they still allow global controllability in the conguration space. This unique feature leads to some challenging problems in the synthesis of feedback controllers, which parallel the new research issues arising in nonholonomic motion planning. Indeed, the wheeled mobile robot application has triggered the search for innovative types of feedback controllers that can be used also for more general nonlinear. | Cars The implications of mass car ownership in the emerging market giants SUMMARY The typical urban household in China owns a TV a refrigerator a washing machine and a computer but does not yet own a car. In this paper we draw on data for a panel of countries and detailed household level surveys for the largest emerging markets to document a remarkably stable relationship between GDP per capita and car ownership highlighting the importance of within-country income distribution factors we find that car ownership is low up to per capita incomes of about US 5 000 and then takes off very rapidly. Several emerging markets including India and China the most populous countries in the world are currently at the stage of development when such takeoff is expected to take place. We project that the number of cars will increase by billion between 2005 and 2050 with an increase by billion in emerging market and developing countries. We outline a number of possible policy options to deal with the fiscal implications for the countries affected and the worldwide environmental consequences. Marcos Chamon Paolo Mauro and Yohei Okawa The views expressed in this paper in progress are those of the author s and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. 2 Cars Marcos Chamon Paolo Mauro and Yohei Okawa International Monetary Fund International Monetary Fund and University of Virginia 1. Introduction and Motivation The pilot lowers the plane s wheels and the sudden increase in noise wakes you up. Disoriented you try to remember which leg of your long flight you are on. Looking out of the window you see a complicated highway intersection busy with plenty of cars. You realize that you are about to land in an advanced economy where you will transfer to another flight. A few hours later you reach your final destination in one of the world s lowest income countries where paved roads are few and traffic mostly consists of a mix of carts and bicycles. Cars are pervasive

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