TAILIEUCHUNG - Kinship and Social Bonds in Female Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

A large body of theoretical and empirical research suggests that kinship influences the development and maintenance of social bonds among group-living female mammals, and that human females may be unusual in the extent to which individuals form differentiated social relationships with nonrelatives. Here we combine behavioral observations of party association, spatial proximity, grooming, and space use with extensive molecular genetic analyses to determine whether female chimpanzees form strong social bonds with unrelated individuals of the same sex. We compare our results with those obtained from male chimpanzees who live in the same community and have been shown to form strong social bonds with each other | American Journal of Primatology 71 840-851 2009 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kinship and Social Bonds in Female Chimpanzees Pan troglodytes KEVIN LANGERGRABER1 2 JOHN MITANI2 AND LINDA VIGILANT1 Primatology Department Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany 2Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan A large body of theoretical and empirical research suggests that kinship influences the development and maintenance of social bonds among group-living female mammals and that human females may be unusual in the extent to which individuals form differentiated social relationships with nonrelatives. Here we combine behavioral observations of party association spatial proximity grooming and space use with extensive molecular genetic analyses to determine whether female chimpanzees form strong social bonds with unrelated individuals of the same sex. We compare our results with those obtained from male chimpanzees who live in the same community and have been shown to form strong social bonds with each other. We demonstrate that party association is as good a predictor of spatial proximity and grooming in females as it is in males that the highest party association indices are consistently found between female dyads that the sexes do not differ in the long-term stability of their party association patterns and that these results cannot be explained as a by-product of the tendency of females to selectively range in particular areas of the territory. We also show that close kin . mother-daughter and sibling dyads are very rare indicating that the vast majority of female dyads that form strong social bonds are not closely related. Additional analyses reveal that subgroups of females consisting of individuals who frequently associate with one another in similar areas of the territory do not consist of relatives. This suggests that a passive form of kin-biased dispersal involving the differential migration of females from neighboring .

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