TAILIEUCHUNG - NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

With this label the use of agro-chemicals is regulated and controlled and the residues on the products have to be below a specific level that is safe for con- sumers. The second label is “Pesticide-Safe Vegetable” which is assigned to retailers of agricul- tural products who conduct tests for toxic substances before selling the products. These products are from production systems using agro-chemicals, but the residues have to be within the defined levels. The third label is “Food Safety”, the products are tested for residues and if they are below the maximum residue level farmers and producers can use this certificate (Wyatt. | NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 2010 2003 1980 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself to form long chains and as a result millions of compounds from simple hydrocarbons to large biomolecules such as proteins lipids carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Originally it was believed that these compounds had to come from a living organism now they are synthesized in the laboratory. The simplest organic compounds are composed of carbon and hydrogen and are known as hydrocarbons. There are four types or classes of hydrocarbons Alkanes contain all C-C single bonds. These are known as saturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes contain at least one C C double bond. Alkynes contain at least one C-C triple bond. Both alkenes and alkynes are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene structure Lewis structures of alkanes look like this H H H H . 1 I I I . H C c c c H T J. J. J. H H H H These are also called structural formulas. Since these take formulas are used. up a lot of space condensed structural H3C ch2 ch2 ch3 or ch3ch2ch2ch3 Even simpler than condensed structures are skeletal or line structures There are a range of structures used to represent organic compounds Expanded formula Before we start naming organic compounds it is important to understand how carbon atoms are bonded. Every carbon atom will try to form 4 bonds. H A carbon atom on the end of a chain of single bonded carbon atoms will be bonded to one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms C C H I I H 1 A carbon atom in the middle of a chain of single bonded carbon atoms will be bonded to two carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms. H I 1 . - C - C - C - 1 H 1 A carbon atom bonded to 3 other single bonded carbon atoms will be bonded to one hydrogen. H I - C - C - C I C I A carbon atom on the end of a chain that is double bonded to another carbon atom be bonded to two hydrogen atoms. H I - C C I H A carbon

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