TAILIEUCHUNG - Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development

There are in principle two tests that may be used in mass screening, PSA (prostate specific antigen) and DRE (digital rectal examination). The PSA test is simple, cheap, safe and acceptable. However the prostatic biopsy, required to investigate positive results, is less acceptable and carries significant risks. The accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of the PSA test is difficult to determine (4). There is no good standard against which to test it, since prostatic biopsy may itself miss 10% to 30% of cases. Also, biopsies are not normally done on men with a negative PSA, so it is difficult to assess. | REVIEWS Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development Karin E. de Visser Alexandra Eichten and Lisa M. Coussens 1 Abstract The main function of the mammalian immune system is to monitor tissue homeostasis to protect against invading or infectious pathogens and to eliminate damaged cells. Therefore it is surprising that cancer occurs with such a high frequency in humans. Recent insights that have been gained from clinical studies and experimental mouse models of carcinogenesis expand our understanding of the complex relationship between immune cells and developing tumours. Here we examine the paradoxical role of adaptive and innate leukocytes as crucial regulators of cancer development and highlight recent insights that have been gained by manipulating immune responses in mouse models of de novo and spontaneous tumorigenesis. Self-antigens Antigens that are derived from normal unaltered proteins that are expressed in tissues. The immune system does not respond to self-antigens because of immune-tolerance mechanisms however under certain circumstances adaptive immune responses can be elicited towards self-antigens and result in autoimmune disease. Department of Molecular Biology The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands. Cancer Research Institute Department of Pathology Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California San Francisco 2340 Sutter Street San Francisco California 94143. Correspondence to . e-mail coussens@ doi nrcl782 Cancer is an insidious disease that originates from mutant DNA sequences that reroute crucial pathways regulating tissue homeostasis cell survival and or cell death. In recent decades much has been learned by studying homogeneous populations of tumour cells that harbour activating or inactivating genetic mutations however cancers are not merely autonomous masses of mutant cells. Instead cancers are composed of multiple cell types such as fibroblasts and .

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