TAILIEUCHUNG - Handbook of Lasers

Lasers continue to be an amazingly robust field of activity, one of continually expanding scientific and technological frontiers. Thus today we have lasing without inversion, quantum cascade lasers, lasing in strongly scattering media, lasing in biomaterials, lasing in photonic crystals, a single atom laser, speculation about black hole lasers, femtosecond-duration laser pulses only a few cycles long, lasers with subhertz linewidths, semiconductor lasers with predicted operating lifetimes of more than 100 years, peak powers in the petawatt regime and planned megajoule pulse lasers, sizes ranging from semiconductor lasers with dimensions of a few microns diameter and a few hundred atoms thick to huge glass lasers with hundreds. | HANDBOOK OF LASERS Marvin J. Weber PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 1 Group IA 2 IIA New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version 13 IIIB IIIA 14 15 16 17 18 IVB VB VIB VIIB IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA 1 H 1 3 Li 1 1 -1 Shell 2-1 11 Na 1 2-8-1 19 K 1 -8-8-1 37 Rb 1 -18-8-1 55 Cs 1 -18-8-1 87 Fr 1 223 -18-8-1 4 Be 2 2-2 Atomic Number Symbol 1995 Atomic Weight Key to Chart 50 2 Sn 4 -18-18-4 ---- Oxidation States Electron Configuration 12 2 Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 IIIA J IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA IB IIB 2-8-2 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB 20 2 21 3 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 2 27 2 28 2 29 1 30 Ca Sc 3 Ti 4 V 3 Cr 3 3 6 Mn 4 3 Fe 2C7o 3 Ni 3 Cu 2 Zn 5 7 -8-8-2 -8-9-2 -8-10-2 -8-11-2 -8-13-1 -8-13-2 -8-13-2 -8-15-2 -8-16-2 -8-18-1 -8-18-2 38 2 39 3 40 4 41 3 42 6 43 4 44 3 45 3 46 2 47 1 48 Sr Y Zr Nb 5 Mo 6 Tc 7 Ru Rh 5 3 Ag Cd 98 -18-8-2 -18-9-2 -18-10-2 -18-12-1 -18-13-1 -18-13-2 -18-15-1 -18-16-1 -18-18-0 -18-18-1 -18-18-2 56 2 57 3 72 4 73 5 74 6 75 4 76 3 77 3 78 2 79 1 80 Ba La Hf Ta W Re 67 Os 4 Ir 4 Pt 4 Au 3 Hg -18-8-2 -18-9-2 -32-10-2 -32-11-2 -32-12-2 -32-13-2 -32-14-2 -32-15-2 -32-17-1 -32-18-1 -32-18-2 88 2 89 3 104 4 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub 226 227 261 262 266 264 269 268 271 272 -18-8-2 -18-9-2 -32-10-2 -32-11-2 -32-12-2 -32-13-2 -32-14-2 -32-15-2 -32-16-2 2 1 2 2 20 2 K 5 3 B 2-3 6 2 C 4 C -4 2-4 7 1 2 N 23 4 5 -1 -2 2-5 -3 8 -2 O 2-6 9 -1 F 2-7 10 0 Ne 2-8 K-L 13 3 Al 2-8-3 14 2 4 Si -4 2-8-4 15 3 P -53 2-8-5 16 4 6 S -2 2-8-6 17 1 Cl 57 -1 2-8-7 18 0 Ar 2-8-8 K-L-M 31 3 Ga .

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• Solid State Lasers
• Nuclear Pumped Lasers
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