TAILIEUCHUNG - Chapter 046. Sodium and Water (Part 7)

Diagnosis (Fig. 46-1) Hyponatremia is not a disease but a manifestation of a variety of disorders. The underlying cause can often be ascertained from an accurate history and physical examination, including an assessment of ECF volume status and effective circulating arterial volume. The differential diagnosis of hyponatremia, an expanded ECF volume, and decreased effective circulating volume includes congestive heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis, and the nephrotic syndrome. Hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency tend to present with a near-normal ECF volume and decreased effective circulating arterial volume. All of these diseases have characteristic signs and symptoms. Patients with SIADH are usually euvolemic. Figure 46-1 Algorithm. | Chapter 046. Sodium and Water Part 7 Diagnosis Fig. 46-1 Hyponatremia is not a disease but a manifestation of a variety of disorders. The underlying cause can often be ascertained from an accurate history and physical examination including an assessment of ECF volume status and effective circulating arterial volume. The differential diagnosis of hyponatremia an expanded ECF volume and decreased effective circulating volume includes congestive heart failure hepatic cirrhosis and the nephrotic syndrome. Hypothyroidism and adrenal insufficiency tend to present with a near-normal ECF volume and decreased effective circulating arterial volume. All of these diseases have characteristic signs and symptoms. Patients with SIADH are usually euvolemic. Figure 46-1 Algorithm depicting clinical approach to hyponatremia. ECF extracellular fluid SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Four laboratory findings often provide useful information and can narrow the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia 1 the plasma osmolality 2 the urine osmolality 3 the urine Na concentration and 4 the urine K concentration. Since ECF tonicity is determined primarily by the Na concentration most patients with hyponatremia have a decreased plasma osmolality. The appropriate renal response to hypoosmolality is to excrete the maximum volume of dilute urine . urine osmolality and specific gravity of 100 mosmol kg and respectively. This occurs in patients with primary polydipsia. If this is not present it suggests impaired free-water excretion due to the action of AVP on the kidney. The secretion of AVP may be a physiologic response to hemodynamic stimuli or it may be inappropriate in the presence of hyponatremia and euvolemia. Since Na is the major ECF cation and is largely restricted to this compartment ECF volume contraction represents a deficit in total body Na content. Therefore volume depletion in patients with normal underlying renal function results in enhanced .

• Y học thường thức
• Sodium and Water
• bệnh học và điều trị
• bài giảng bệnh học
• tài liệu học ngành y
• Harrisons Internal Medicine
• Modeling of hydrodynamic processes
• Large leak of water into sodium
• The fast reactor coolant circuit
• Mesh characteristic method
• Sodium water reaction
• Interparticle potential of 10 nanometer titanium nanoparticles in liquid sodium
• 10 nanometer titanium nanoparticles in liquid sodium
• Sodiume water reaction
• Van der Waals forces
• bệnhbệnh học và điều trị
• Sodium and Water học và điều trị
• Changing of soil stability in irrigation with reclaimed water
• Soil stability in irrigation with reclaimed water
• Irrigation with reclaimed water
• Sodium Adsorption Ratio
• Scanning Electron Microscopy
• Groundwater quality assessment
• Water quality index
• Soluble Sodium percentage
• Nemerows Pollution Index
• NEA and the IAEA
• Sodium cooled fast reactors
• Pressurized water reactors
• Occupational Exposure program
• Nuclear power plants
• RSC water
• Soil dehydrogenase enzyme
• Nutrient content
• Different residual sodium carbonate waters
• Soil nutrient availability
• Sodium selenite
• Selenium enriched yeast
• Carcass characteristics
• Meat quality
• Water holding capacity(WHC)
• Extract reserve volume
• Thiobarbituric acid