TAILIEUCHUNG - OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P44

OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P44:There is an ever increasing demand for staff with IT industry certification. The benefits to employers are significant—they can be certain that staff have a certain level of competence—and the benefits to the individuals, in terms of demand for their services, are equally great. Many employers are now requiring technical staff to have certifications, and many IT purchasers will not buy from firms that do not have certified staff. | OCA OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 386 2. The first query needs to identify the REGION_ID of the Europe region. This is accomplished by the SQL statement which shows that the Europe region has a REGION_ID value of 1. select from regions 3. To identify which countries have 1 as their REGION_ID you can execute the SQL query select region_id country_name from countries 4. Manually counting the country rows with a REGION_ID of 1 returned shows that there are eight countries in the Europe region as far as the HR data model is concerned. SQL Expressions and Operators The general form of the SELECT statement introduced the notion that columns and expressions are selectable. An expression usually consists of an operation being performed on one or more column values or expressions. The operators that can act upon values to form an expression depend on the underlying data type. They are the four cardinal arithmetic operators addition subtraction multiplication and division for numeric columns the concatenation operator for character or string columns and the addition and subtraction operators for date and timestamp columns. As in regular arithmetic there is a predefined order of evaluation operator precedence when more than one operator occurs in an expression. Round brackets have the highest precedence. Division and multiplication operations are next in the hierarchy and are evaluated before addition and subtraction which have lowest precedence. Operators with the same level of precedence are evaluated from left to right. Round brackets may therefore be used to enforce nondefault operator precedence. Using brackets generously when constructing complex expressions is good practice and is encouraged. It leads to readable code that is less prone to error. Expressions expose a large number of useful data manipulation possibilities. Arithmetic Operators Consider the JOB_HISTORY table which stores the start date and end date of an employee s term in a previous job

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