TAILIEUCHUNG - The A to Z of the Vikings 17

The A to Z of the Vikings 17. This book provides a comprehensive work of reference for people interested in the Vikings, including entries on the main historical figures involved in this dramatic period, important battles and treaties, significant archaeological finds, and key works and sources of information on the period. It also summarizes the impact the Vikings had on the areas where they traveled and settled. There is a chronological table, detailed and annotated bibliographies for different themes and geographical locations, and an introduction discussing the major events and developments of the Viking age | 138 HOLMGÁRDR clutch both ends of the hogback. Some hogbacks such as the so-called Giant s Grave from Penrith in Cumbria appear to have been part of larger monumental arrangements involving hogbacks and crosses. The vast majority of the hogbacks seem from their ornamentation to date to the period c. 925-1000 although the example from Brechin Tayside Scotland has 11th-century features. The distribution of the hogbacks is largely confined to northern England with notable centers at Brompton and Lythe in North Yorkshire and Sockburn-on-Tees in County Durham. There is however a group of hogbacks from central Scotland including a group of five from Govan Glasgow and single examples from Wales and Ireland. There are no Scandinavian hogbacks and it appears that the monument may represent an adaptation of solid stone shrines known from the British Isles. The distribution of the hogbacks in northern England largely coincides with the distribution of Norwegian or Gaelic-Norse place-names suggesting that Irish influence may be linked to the development of this colonial form of monument. HOLMGÁRDR. See NOVGOROD. HOLY RIVER BATTLE OF. Battle fought in 1026 in the province of Skane in the southwest of present-day Sweden. Cnut I the Great was defeated in this battle by a Swedo-Norwegian alliance led by King Anund Jakob of Sweden and King Olaf Haraldsson of Norway. An account of the battle containing skaldic verse composed for Cnut by Óttar the Black and Sighvatr tórSarson is preserved in Snorri s Heimskringla. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle also mentions Cnut s defeat in an entry for 1025 although it names his opponents as Ulf and Eilaf. Earl Ulf was probably Cnut s brother-inlaw and the uncle of Harold Godwinsson future king of England and is described as Cnut s protector of the Danish kingdom he apparently championed the cause of Cnut s son Harthacnut in Denmark and was frustrated by Cnut s long absences from Denmark. Eilaf may have been Ulf s brother. Saxo Grammaticus s account of

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