TAILIEUCHUNG - The grammar of the english verb phrase part 119

Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar of the english verb phrase part 119', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | Glossary 819 within a temporal domain. For example in Meg had seen Jill the situation time of had seen is temporally bound by or temporally subordinated to an orientation time which is not explicitly referred to but forms part of a past temporal domain. Strictly speaking it is only situation times that can be bound but by extension we can also apply the label to the situation itself. In this way we can say that in Sue knew that Meg had seen Jill the situation of knowing is the binding situation while the situation of Meg seeing Jill is the bound situation . Temporal clause see time clause. Temporal domain set of orientation times which are temporally related to each other by means of tenses. At least one of these orientation times is a situation time since any tense form locates an actualization of a situation in time . A domain is normally established by an absolute tense form and expanded by one or more relative tense forms. The latter establish temporal subdomains. Thus in John said he had prayed the absolute past tense form said establishes a past domain and had prayed creates a subdomain within that domain. Temporal focus the phenomenon that the speaker s tense choice is determined by his wish to focus on the time of actualization of a situation or on a particular nonpresent portion of the time of a full situation which also includes t0. The former possibility is illustrated by the difference between He must have been the culprit present conclusion about an anterior situation and He had to be the culprit past conclusion about a situation which was then actualizing . The latter possibility is exemplified by I spoke to the foreigner in French because he didn t understand English. The foreigner presumably still does not understand English at the temporal zero-point so the speaker could have used doesn t understand. Using the past tense however he focuses on the time when he spoke to the foreigner rather than on the present. Temporal subdomain temporal domain .

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