TAILIEUCHUNG - The grammar of the english verb phrase part 19

Tham khảo tài liệu 'the grammar of the english verb phrase part 19', ngoại ngữ, ngữ pháp tiếng anh phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | I. Introduction 119 He had got up early that morning. This could be the first sentence of a novel. In that case the unspecified orientation time is not immediately recoverable in the same way as the referent of he is not. Starting a novel this way with a sentence containing one or more unbound variables is an often used rhetorical device. d A fourth type of orientation time is an otherwise unspecified time contained in an Adv-time a time indicated by a time adverbial as in At that time Bill had already left the room. In section we will go into the special way in which a time adverbial indicates an orientation time by containing it in terms of either inclusion or coincidence. e A final type of orientation time is an implicit orientation time. This is an orientation time which is implicit in the semantics of a temporal conjunction By the time Bill had left the room it was too late to act. Had left represents the leaving as anterior to the implicit orientation time referred to by the time in the phrasal conjunction by the time that . I will read the book before I pass it on to you. The present tense form pass on represents its situation as simultaneous with an orientation time which is implicit in the conjunction before. The meaning of the conjunction before can be paraphrased before the time that . In this paraphrase the implicit orientation time is lexicalized by the NP the time see for a full discussion. He is always very nervous when he is about to play. The situation of playing is located posterior to the implicit orientation time lexicalized by the time in the paraphrase at the time at which which represents the temporal structure of when see 2. The semantics of tenses temporal domains The semantics of a tense are found in the structure of temporal relations that the tense represents. These relations hold between the situation time time of the predicated situation that is to be located by the tense and one or more orientation times. The .

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