TAILIEUCHUNG - An Introduction to Letters of Credit

Letters of Credit are a time-tested instrument of int e rnat ional t rade . They have been used to expand markets for goods and services and to facilitate a variety of financial transactions, either as a method of payment or as a credit enhancement, within as well as across the borders of sovereign states. | An Introduction to Letters of Credit Citigroup® Global Transaction Services AN INTRODUCTION TO LETTERS OF CREDIT Bridging the challenges associated with trade finance Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1 Letters of Credit – An Introduction 1 Trade Payment Methods 2 What Is a Letter of Credit? 2 Advantages and Risk to the Buyer 3 Advantages and Risk to the Seller 3 Letters of Credit and Contracts 3 The Parties 5 Chapter 2 Letters of Credit – The Language 7 Types of Letters of Credit 8 Revocable versus Irrevocable 8 Confirmed versus Unconfirmed 8 Recognizing Letters of Credit 12 Straight Letters of Credit 12 Letter of Credit Terms and Conditions 12 Draft 12 Expiration Date 16 Latest Shipping Date 16 Latest Date for Presentation 16 Amendments 16 Chapter 3 Letters of Credit – Avoiding Problems 19 Problem Resolution 20 Documentary Requirements 20 Chapter 4 Letters of Credit – In Action 23 Export Letters of Credit 24 Import Letters of Credit 24 Foreign Currency Letters of Credit 24 Chapter 5 Letters of Credit – Special Types 29 Revolving Letters of Credit 30 Installment Letters of Credit 30 Advance Payment Letters of Credit 30 Red Clause Letters of Credit 31 Transferable and Back-to-Back Letters of Credit 31 Transferable Letters of Credit 31 Back-to-Back Letters of Credit 34 Assignment of Proceeds 35 Simplified Letters of Credit 35 Chapter 6 Letters of Credit– Export Credit Agencies and International Development Banks 37 Export Credit Agencies 38 International Development Banks 38 The World Bank 38 Other Development Banks 38 List of National Export Credit Agencies and International Development Banks 39 Export Credit Agencies 39 International Development Banks 39 Chapter 7 Letters of Credit – . Dollar Banker’s Acceptance Financing 41 Eligible Banker’s Acceptances 42 Eligible Transactions 42 . Exports and Imports 43 Time Draft Export Letter of Credit 43 Time Draft Import Letter of Credit 43 Refinancing “Sight” Draft Letters of Credit 43 Pre-Export Financing 44 .

• Ngân hàng - Tín dụng
• lending
• banks in Vietnam
• the banking system
• banking
• credit forms
• Letters of Credit
• An Introduction
• Bank lending
• Bank management
• Commercial lending
• Bank lending to corporations
• Scenario analysis
• Alternative to traditional metrics
• Bank loans
• Lending relationships
• Banking bubbles
• Aggressive lending
• Post bubble lending
• Group lending development
• Vietnam bank for Agriculture
• Development of group lending
• Branch to tackle difficulties
• Group lending
• Lending values
• Liquidity risk
• Lending values and liquidity risk
• Single stock
• Lombard lending
• Credit risk
• Firm conduct performance
• Capped call
• Bank lending decisions
• Hoạt động cho vay ngang hàng
• Tổng quan mô hình P2P Lending
• Ngân hàng tài chính
• Mô hình P2P Lending chủ động
• Mô hình P2P Lending bị động
• Luật Các tổ chức tín dụng
• yield
• spread
• premiums
• uses
• abusive
• mortgage
• practices
• predatory
• Monetary policy transmission
• Bank lending channel in Vietnam
• PhD thesis
• Price channel
• Monetary policy
• Institutional influences
• Decision making
• The case of bank lending
• Small businesses
• This research exp lores
• Non performing loan
• Lending behavior
• GMM estimation
• Bank profitability
• Vietnamese banks
• Microfinance institutions
• Optimal lending rate
• National microfinance
• Network (M7)
• Affectionate Fund under
• Vietnam Womens Union
• Summary of the Doctoral
• Summary of the Doctoral thesis in Law
• Regulations on the trading
• Bad debts resulting
• Redit institutions lending activities
• Transmission mechanism
• Bank lending channel
• Panel data
• Disaggregated bank level data
• Firm bank relationships
• Institutional quality
• Italian manufacturing SMEs
• Institutional quality matter
• Occupational identity
• Peer to peer lending
• Probability of successful funding
• Borrowing cost
• Tasted based discrimination
• Rational expectation
• Expected return
• Guarantee mechanism
• Evidence in China
• P2P online lending platform
• Lending rate
• Discount rate
• Lending discount rate spread
• Transitional economy
• Monetary policy in a transitional economy
• Digital financial intermediation
• Cách mạng công nghệ 4 0
• Hợp tác Fintech và ngân hàng
• Ngân hàng kỹ thuật số
• Social Sciences
• ASEAN countries
• Banking sector development
• Capital market development
• UTAUT model
• Personal finance
• Determining factors
• Telecommunication networks
• lending operations
• financial loans
• financial credit
• bank credit
• state owned banks
• Explores transmission
• Bank characteristics
• Examining reaction
• Công văn nhà nước
• Công văn số 5228/NHNN CSTT
• Hoạt động cho vay
• Cho vay ngang hàng
• Ngân hàng Nhà nước Việt Nam
• Hoạt động P2P Lending
• Công ty P2P Lending