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Medical imaging has its roots in the accidental discovery of a new class of electromagnetic radiation, X rays, by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. The first X-ray radiograph ever taken was of his wife’s hand, revealing a picture of the living skeleton [1]. In the subsequent decades, physicians refined the art of X-ray radiography to image the structural and physiological state of internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, lungs, heart, and brain. | Image Databases Search and Retrieval of Digital Imagery Edited by Vittorio Castelli Lawrence D. Bergman Copyright 2002 John Wiley Sons Inc. ISBNs 0-471-32116-8 Hardback 0-471-22463-4 Electronic 4 Medical Imagery STEPHEN WONG and KENT SOO HOO JR. University of California at San Francisco San Francisco California INTRODUCTION Medical imaging has its roots in the accidental discovery of a new class of electromagnetic radiation X rays by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895. The first X-ray radiograph ever taken was of his wife s hand revealing a picture of the living skeleton 1 . In the subsequent decades physicians refined the art of X-ray radiography to image the structural and physiological state of internal organs such as the stomach intestines lungs heart and brain. Unlike the gradual evolution of X-ray radiography the convergence of imaging physics and computers has spawned a revolution in medical imaging practice over the past two decades. This revolution has produced a multitude of new digital imaging modalities film scanners diagnostic ultrasound computed tomography CT magnetic resonance imaging MRI digital subtraction angiography DSA single-photon-emission computed tomography SPECT positron-emission tomography PET and magnetic source imaging MSI to name just a few 2 3 . Most of these modalities are routinely being used in clinical applications and they allow in vivo evaluation of physiology and anatomy in ways that conventional X-ray radiography could never achieve. Digital imaging has revolutionized the means to acquire patient images provides flexible means to view anatomic cross sections and physiological states and frequently reduces patient radiation dose and examination trauma. The other 70 percent of radiological examinations are done using conventional X rays and digital luminescent radiography. These analog images can be converted into digital format for processing by using film digitizers such as laser scanners solid-state cameras drum scanners and

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