TAILIEUCHUNG - Internetworking with TCP/IP- P45

Internetworking with TCP/IP- P45: TCP/IP has accommodated change well. The basic technology has survived nearly two decades of exponential growth and the associated increases in traffic. The protocols have worked over new high-speed network technologies, and the design has handled applications that could not be imagined in the original design. Of course, the entire protocol suite has not remained static. New protocols have been deployed, and new techniques have been developed to adapt existing protocols to new network technologies | Sec. Interaction Between NAT And Applications 399 Changing items in a data stream increases the complexity of NAPT in two ways. First it means that NAPT must have detailed knowledge of each application that transfers such information. Second if the port numbers are represented in ASCII as is the case with FTP changing the value can change the number of octets transferred. Inserting even one additional octet into a TCP connection is difficult because each octet in the stream has a sequence number. Because a sender does not know that additional data has been inserted it continues to assign sequence numbers without the additional data. When it receives additional data the receiver will generate acknowledgements that account for the data. Thus after it inserts additional data NAT must translate the sequence numbers in each outgoing segment and each incoming acknowledgement. Conceptual Address Domains We have described NAT as a technology that can be used to connect a private network to the global Internet. In fact NAT can be used to interconnect any two address domains. Thus NAT can be used between two corporations that each have a private network using address . More important NAT can be used at two levels between a customer s private and an ISP s private address domains as well as between the ISP s address domain and the global Internet. Finally NAT can be combined with VPN technology to form a hybrid architecture in which private addresses are used within the organization and NAT is used to provide connectivity between each site and the global Internet. As an example of multiple levels of NAT consider an individual who works at home from several computers which are connected to a LAN. The individual can assign private addresses to the computers at home and use NAT between the home network and the corporate intranet. The corporation can also assign private addresses and use NAT between its intranet and the global Internet. Slirp And .

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