TAILIEUCHUNG - Internetworking with TCP/IP- P63

Internetworking with TCP/IP- P63: TCP/IP has accommodated change well. The basic technology has survived nearly two decades of exponential growth and the associated increases in traffic. The protocols have worked over new high-speed network technologies, and the design has handled applications that could not be imagined in the original design. Of course, the entire protocol suite has not remained static. New protocols have been deployed, and new techniques have been developed to adapt existing protocols to new network technologies | Sec. Application Program Access 579 queue. For such systems the diagram in Figure should be extended to show application access to lower layers. Summary Much of the rich functionality associated with the TCP IP protocol suite results from a variety of high-level services supplied by application programs. The high-level protocols these programs use build on the basic transport services unreliable datagram delivery and reliable stream transport. The applications usually follow the client-server model in which servers operate at known protocols ports so clients know how to contact them. The highest level of protocols provides user services like Web browsing remote login and file and mail transfer. The chief advantages of having an internet on which to build such services are that it provides universal connectivity and simplifies the application protocols. In particular when used by two machines that attach to an internet end-to-end transport protocols can guarantee that a client program on the source machine communicates directly with a server on the destination machine. Because services like electronic mail use the end-to-end transport connection they do not need to rely on intermediate machines to forward whole messages. We have seen a variety of application level protocols and the complex dependencies among them. Although many application protocols have been defined a few major applications such as Web browsing account for most packets on the Internet. FOR FURTHER STUDY One of the issues underlying protocol layering revolves around the optimal location of protocol functionality. Edge 1979 compares end-to-end protocols with the hop-by-hop approach. Saltzer Reed and Clark 1984 argues for having the highest level protocols perform end-to-end acknowledgement and error detection. A series of papers by Mills RFCs 956 957 and 958 proposes application protocols for clock synchronization and report on experiments. EXERCISES It is possible to translate .

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