TAILIEUCHUNG - Tests as drivers of change in education: Contextualising washback, and the possibility of wash-forward

This paper seeks to draw together ideas from different sources to place washback in the context of other possibilities. The concepts of adaptive implementation and programmed implementation are taken from Henrichsen’s hybrid model of the diffusion/implementation of innovation in education systems. Washback is shown to act in parallel to but distinct from programmed implementation. The picture is completed with van Lier’s concept of wash-forward, first outlined in 1989 but subsequently neglected in the literature. Wash-forward is illustrated with an example from the implementation of the National Matriculation English Test (NMET) in China. | 36 G. Allan VNU Journal of Foreign Studies 2020 36-46 TESTS AS DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN EDUCATION CONTEXTUALISING WASHBACK AND THE POSSIBILITY OF WASH-FORWARD Gordon Allan British Council 1-2 Kagaruzaka Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0825 Japan Received 26 February 2020 Revised 15 March 2020 Accepted 25 July 2020 Abstract Whilst the primary aim of tests is to measure ability it is not uncommon for tests to be deployed in education systems with the intention at least in part of driving change in educational practice by making demands that teachers and learners are expected to meet. Washback is one way by which teaching and learning practices may adapt to a new test but it is not the only possibility and often fails to occur as intended. This paper seeks to draw together ideas from different sources to place washback in the context of other possibilities. The concepts of adaptive implementation and programmed implementation are taken from Henrichsen s hybrid model of the diffusion implementation of innovation in education systems. Washback is shown to act in parallel to but distinct from programmed implementation. The picture is completed with van Lier s concept of wash-forward first outlined in 1989 but subsequently neglected in the literature. Wash-forward is illustrated with an example from the implementation of the National Matriculation English Test NMET in China. The intention is to provide an easily visualised refreshed and more complete perspective on the processes operating when a new test is introduced as part of a strategy aimed at driving changes in teaching and learning practices a scenario which is very relevant to the current movement towards four-skills English testing in East Asia and around the world. Keywords Washback wash-forward programmed implementation innovation in education exam reform 1. Introduction Tests as drivers of change therefore worth considering the mechanism in education 1 by which tests might drive educational High-stakes tests .

• Giáo dục học
• Wash forward
• Programmed implementation
• Innovation in education
• Exam reform
• Possibility of wash forward