TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook The ABSITE review: Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book “The ABSITE review” has contents: Gastrointestinal hormones, biliary system, anal and rectal, small bowel, hernias, abdomen, and surgical technology, pediatric surgery, statistics and patient safety, orthopedics, neurosurgery, gynecology, and other contents. | CHAPTER 24. BREAST ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Breast development • Breast formed from ectoderm milk streak • Estrogen – duct development (double layer of columnar cells) • Progesterone – lobular development • Prolactin – synergizes estrogen and progesterone Cyclic changes • Estrogen – ↑ breast swelling, growth of glandular tissue • Progesterone – ↑ maturation of glandular tissue; withdrawal causes menses • FSH, LH surge – cause ovum release • After menopause, lack of estrogen and progesterone results in atrophy of breast tissue Nerves • Long thoracic nerve – innervates serratus anterior; injury results in winged scapula • Lateral thoracic artery supplies serratus anterior • Thoracodorsal nerve – innervates latissimus dorsi; injury results in weak arm pull-ups and adduction • Thoracodorsal artery supplies latissimus dorsi • Medial pectoral nerve – innervates pectoralis major and pectoralis minor • Lateral pectoral nerve – pectoralis major only • Intercostobrachial nerve – lateral cutaneous branch of the 2nd intercostal nerve; provides sensation to medial arm and axilla; encountered just below axillary vein when performing axillary dissection • Can transect without serious consequences Branches of internal thoracic artery, intercostal arteries, thoracoacromial artery, and lateral thoracic artery supply breast Batson’s plexus – valveless vein plexus that allows direct hematogenous metastasis of breast CA to spine Lymphatic drainage • 97% is to the axillary nodes • 2% is to the internal mammary nodes • Any quadrant can drain to the internal mammary nodes • Supraclavicular nodes – considered N3 disease • Primary axillary adenopathy – #1 is lymphoma Cooper’s ligaments – suspensory ligaments; divide breast into segments • Breast CA involving these strands can dimple the skin BENIGN BREAST DISEASE Abscesses – usually associated with breastfeeding. Staphylococcus aureus most common, strep • Tx: percutaneous or incision and drainage; discontinue breastfeeding; breast pump,

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• The ABSITE review
• Gastrointestinal hormones
• Biliary system
• Small bowel
• Patient safety
• Surgical technology
• Pediatric surgery
• Cell biology
• Blood products
• Medicines and pharmacology
• Fluids and electrolytes
• Wound healing
• critical care
• Inflammation and cytokines
• Caudal block
• Upper urinary tract surgery
• Laparoscopic surgery
• Laparoscopic upper urinary tract surgery
• Pediatric anesthesia
• Physiological characteristics
• Reconstructive surgery
• Pediatric liver diseases
• Pediatric neurosurgical procedures
• Pediatric urologic procedures
• The washington manual of surgery
• Trauma surgery
• Cardiac surgery
• General thoracic surgery
• Neurosurgical emergencies
• BMC Anesthesiology
• Epilepsy surgery
• Pediatric neuroanesthesia
• Pediatric neurosurgery
• Intraoperative blood loss
• Intracranial tumor surgery
• Tumor surgery
• Pediatric patients
• Human albumin
• Pediatric cardiac surgery
• Cardiopulmonary bypass
• Cardiac surgery patients
• Hyperlactatemia observed
• The short textbook
• Pediatric endocrinology
• Pediatric envenomations
• Pediatric dental problems
• Pediatric neuromuscular disorders
• Nutrition in Healthy Children
• Growth and Development
• Pediatric Cardiology
• Renal and Cardiovascular
• Skill and Creativity
• Oral surgery
• Traditional pediatric airway management
• Decrease re intubation frequency
• Calculated outer diameter
• BMC Pediatrics
• Pediatric workforce
• Specialized surgical care
• Low and middle income countries
• Colon and rectum
• Anorectal disease
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Thoracoabdominal vascular disease
• certifications levels
• Building Investment