TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook Color atlas & synopsis of clinical ophthalmology pediatric ophthalmology (2/E): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book “Color atlas & synopsis of clinical ophthalmology pediatric ophthalmology” has contents: Congenital abnormalities of the optic nerve, retinal anomalies, eyelid anomalies, lacrimal anomalies, strabismus disorders. | CHAPTER 7 Congenital Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve Aldo Vagge and Leonard B. Nelson ■ OPTIC NERVE HYPOPLASIA Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is a congenital, nonprogressive developmental abnormality in which the optic nerve is smaller than usual because of reduced numbers of retinal ganglion cells. It is frequently associated with other central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. ONH may be unilateral or bilateral (80%) and may be asymmetric. Most common congenital optic disc anomaly Optic nerve aplasia is rare. No pupillary light reflex and absence of the optic disc, nerve fiber layer, and retinal blood vessels on examination. Etiology Not completely understood Parental drug and alcohol abuse contributes to an increasing prevalence of ONH. Drug associations include exposure to carbemazepine, isotretinoin, phenytoin, quinine, and valproic acid. Young maternal age and maternal insulin-dependent diabetes have also been implicated in some cases (associated with subtype—superior segmental optic hypoplasia). Genetics Most cases are sporadic. Bilateral ONH is inherited in an autosomal-dominant pattern based on the few families reported. Mutation in the PAX6 (11q13) gene is responsible. Mutation in the HESX1 gene has been identified in sporadic septo-opto dysplasia and pituitary disease. Mutation in the TUBA8 gene is associated with polymicrogyria and ONH. Symptoms Decreased vision in one or both eyes Strabismus may be associated with unilateral ONH. Signs Range of visual acuity is 20/20 to no light perception since vision is determined primarily by the integrity of the papillomacular nerve fibers more than the overall size of the disc. Amblyopia as a result of accompanying strabismus and anisometropia Nystagmus: often develops at 1 to 3 months of age in bilateral cases Strabismus may be associated with unilateral ONH. Afferent pupil defect in asymmetric or unilateral cases Visual fields (VFs) often have localized defects as well as general constriction. Abnormally .

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• Color atlas
• Clinical ophthalmology pediatric ophthalmology
• Congenital abnormalities
• Retinal anomalies
• Eyelid anomalies
• Lacrimal anomalies
• Strabismus disorders
• Suturing Techniques
• Color atlas of cutaneous excisions
• Overview of Flaps
• Overview of Grafts
• Ear Reconstruction
• clinical
• health
• health care
• Nervous system
• Antibacterial Drugs
• Color Atlas of Pharmacology
• laboratory
• teeth
• treatment planning
• Color atlas and textbook of human anatomy
• Nervous system and sensory organs
• Structure of the brain
• Basic elements of the nervous system
• Spinal cord and spinal nerves
• Cranial nerves
• Sensory organs
• Cerebro vascular
• Ventricular systems
• Autonomic nervous system
• Color atlas of anatomy
• A photographic study of the human body
• General anatomy
• Head and neck
• brain and sensory organs
• Neck and organs of the neck
• Thoracic organs
• Abdominal organs
• Retroperitoneal organs
• Upper limb
• Lower limb
• Color atlas of human anatomy
• Internal organs
• Cardiovascular system
• Respiratory system
• Alimentary system
• Large intestine
• Urinary system
• Male genital system
• Fernale genital system
• Pregnancy and human development
• Endocrine system
• Color atlas and text of histology
• The cell
• Epithelium and glands
• Connective tissue
• Cartilage and bone
• Blood and hemopoiesis
• Muscle muscle
• Circulatory system
• Lymphoid tissue
• Digestive system
• Female reproductive system
• Male reproductive system
• Color atlas of ultrasound anatomy
• Ultrasound anatomy
• Vessels anatomy
• Liver anatomy
• Gallbladder anatomy
• Pancreas anatomy
• Spleen anatomy
• Kidneys anatomy
• Adrenal glands anatomy
• Stomach anatomy
• Bladder anatomy
• Color atlas and textbook of human
• Textbook of human
• Locomotor system
• The body
• Systematic anatomy
• Peripheral nerves
• Upper limp
• History of pharmacology
• Drug sources
• Adverse drug effects
• Genetic variation of drug effects
• Drug elimination
• Nervous system nervous system
• Cardiac drugs
• Biogenic amines
• Antipyretic analgesics
• Drugs for the suppression of pain
• Color atlas of pathophysiology
• Heart and circulation
• Acid–Base balance
• Salt and water balance
• Acute renal failure
• Renal hypertension
• Neuromuscular and sensory systems
• General pathophysiology of hormones
• Release of female sex hormones
• Color atlas of cosmetic dermatology
• Topical treatment options
• Soft tissue augmentation
• Chemical peels
• Ablative laser resurfacing
• Nonablative laser resurfacing
• Cosmetic dermatology
• Granuloma faciale
• Pyogenic granuloma
• Keratosis pilaris atrophicans
• Infantile hemangioma
• Abnormalities affecting
• Congenital corneal opacity
• Iris anomalies
• Lens anomalies
• Pediatric uveitis
• Human embryology
• Color atlas of the autopsy
• Medical history
• External examination
• The preliminary examination
• Specific body areas