TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook Artificial intelligence - A modern approach (3rd edition): Part 2
(BQ) Part 2 book "Artificial intelligence - A modern approach" has contents: Probabilistic reasoning over time, making simple decisions, making complex decisions, making complex decisions, reinforcement learning, natural language for communication,.and other contents. | 15 PROBABILISTIC REASONING OVER TIME In which we try to interpret the present, understand the past, and perhaps predict the future, even when very little is crystal clear. Agents in partially observable environments must be able to keep track of the current state, to the extent that their sensors allow. In Section we showed a methodology for doing that: an agent maintains a belief state that represents which states of the world are currently possible. From the belief state and a transition model, the agent can predict how the world might evolve in the next time step. From the percepts observed and a sensor model, the agent can update the belief state. This is a pervasive idea: in Chapter 4 belief states were represented by explicitly enumerated sets of states, whereas in Chapters 7 and 11 they were represented by logical formulas. Those approaches defined belief states in terms of which world states were possible, but could say nothing about which states were likely or unlikely. In this chapter, we use probability theory to quantify the degree of belief in elements of the belief state. As we show in Section , time itself is handled in the same way as in Chapter 7: a changing world is modeled using a variable for each aspect of the world state at each point in time. The transition and sensor models may be uncertain: the transition model describes the probability distribution of the variables at time t, given the state of the world at past times, while the sensor model describes the probability of each percept at time t, given the current state of the world. Section defines the basic inference tasks and describes the general structure of inference algorithms for temporal models. Then we describe three specific kinds of models: hidden Markov models, Kalman filters, and dynamic Bayesian networks (which include hidden Markov models and Kalman filters as special cases). Finally, Section examines the problems faced when keeping track of more than one .
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