TAILIEUCHUNG - Ebook BRS Biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics (5th edition): Part 2

(BQ) Part 2 book "BRS Biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics" presents the following contents: Ketones and other lipid derivatives, amino acid metabolism, products derived from amino acids, nucleotide and porphyrin metabolism, integrative metabolism and nutrition, molecular endocrinology,. and other contents. | chapter Ketones and Other Lipid Derivatives I. KETONE BODY SYNTHESIS AND UTILIZATION FIGURE 11-1 A. Synthesis of ketone bodies Figure 11-1 top occurs in liver mitochondria when fatty acids are in high concentration in the blood during fasting starvation or as a result of a high-fat diet . 1. p-Oxidation produces NADH and adenosine triphosphate ATP and results in the accumulation of acetyl coenzyme A CoA owing to allosteric inhibition of tricarboxylic acid TCA cycle enzymes. The liver is also producing glucose using oxaloacetate OAA so there is decreased condensation of acetyl CoA with OAA to form citrate. 2. Two molecules of acetyl CoA condense to produce acetoacetyl CoA. This reaction is catalyzed by thiolase or an isoenzyme of thiolase. 3. Acetoacetyl CoA and acetyl CoA form hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA HMG-CoA in a reaction catalyzed by HMG-CoA synthase. 4. HMG-CoA is cleaved by HMG-CoA lyase to form acetyl CoA and acetoacetate. 5. Acetoacetate can be reduced by an NAD-requiring dehydrogenase 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase to 3-hydroxybutyrate also known as p-hydroxybutyrate . This is a reversible reaction. 6. Acetoacetate is also spontaneously decarboxylated in a nonenzymatic reaction forming acetone the source of the odor on the breath of ketotic diabetic patients . CLINICAL CORRELATES Type 1 diabetes mellitus is due to a deficiency of insulin which is caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Insulin is required for glucose to be used by cells. Deficiency of insulin leads to a state known as diabetic ketoacidosis which manifests as a severely elevated serum glucose level increased ketone body synthesis and formation of acetone due to decarboxylation of acetoacetate. 7. The liver lacks the enzyme needed to metabolize ketone bodies succinyl CoA-acetoacetate-CoA transferase a thiotransferase so it cannot use the ketone bodies it produces. Therefore acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate are released into the blood by the liver. B. .

• Y khoa - Dược
• BRS Biochemistry
• Molecular biology
• Molecular biology and genetics
• Organic chemistry review
• Ketones and other lipid derivatives
• Amino acid metabolism
• Porphyrin metabolism
• BRS biochemistry molecular biology
• Fuel metabolism
• Basic principles
• Basic aspects of biochemistry
• Acid–base chemistry
• Gene expression
• Synthesis of proteins
• Protein structure and function
• Biochemistry of digestion
• The tricarboxylic acid cycle
• Lipid and ethanol metabolism
• Nitrogen metabolism–amino acid
• Products derived from amino acids
• Molecular endocrinology
• Human genetics—an introduction
• An overview of tissue metabolism
• BRS Behavioral science
• Pregnancy through preschool
• Special issues of development
• Death and bereavement
• Anatomy and biochemistry of behavior
• The beginning of life
• Ketone body utilization
• Ketone bodies
• Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism
• Glucose to fatty acids
• The carnitine shuttle
• BMC Genomics
• RNA Seq
• Low temperature stress
• Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism
• Geographic distribution