TAILIEUCHUNG - Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry - Part 3

Có ba isoenzymes dehydrogenase isocitrate. Một, sử dụng NAD +, được tìm thấy chỉ trong ty thể. Hai NADP sử dụng + và được tìm thấy trong ty thể và bào tương. Quá trình oxy hóa liên kết chuỗi hô hấp của isocitrate tiền thu được gần như hoàn toàn thông qua các enzyme +-phụ thuộc NAD. | THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE THE CATABOLISM OF ACETYL-CoA 131 Figure 16-1. Citric acid cycle illustrating the catalytic role of oxaloacetate. requires Mg2 or Mn2 ions. There are three isoenzymes of isocitrate dehydrogenase. One which uses NAD is found only in mitochondria. The other two use NADP and are found in mitochondria and the cytosol. Respiratory chain-linked oxidation of isocitrate proceeds almost completely through the NAD -dependent enzyme. a-Ketoglutarate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation in a reaction catalyzed by a multi-enzyme complex similar to that involved in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate Figure 17-5 . The a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex requires the same cofactors as the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex thiamin diphosphate lipoate NAD FAD and CoA and results in the formation of succinyl-CoA. The equilibrium of this reaction is so much in favor of succinyl-CoA formation that it must be considered physiologically unidirectional. As in the case of pyruvate oxidation Chapter 17 arsenite inhibits the reaction causing the substrate a-ketoglutarate to accumulate. Succinyl-CoA is converted to succinate by the enzyme succinate thiokinase succinyl-CoA synthetase . This is the only example in the citric acid cycle of substrate-level phosphorylation. Tissues in which gluconeogenesis occurs the liver and kidney contain two isoenzymes of succinate thiokinase one specific for GDP and the other for ADP. The GTP formed is used for the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate in gluconeogenesis and provides a regulatory link between citric acid cycle activity and the withdrawal of oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis. Nongluconeogenic tissues have only the isoenzyme that uses ADP. Acetyl-CoA C2 FP Flavoprotein Cyt Cytochrome High-energy phosphate Figure 16-2. The citric acid cycle the major catabolic pathway for acetyl-CoA in aerobic organisms. Acetyl-CoA the product of carbohydrate protein and lipid catabolism is taken into the cycle together

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