TAILIEUCHUNG - PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

ABSTRACT This paper is a review of recent trends in United States expenditures on research and development (R&D). Real expenditures by both the government and the private sector increased rapidly between the mid-1970s and the mid-1980s, and have since leveled off. This is true of both overall expenditures and expenditures on basic research, as well as funding of academic research. Preliminary estimates indicate that about $170 billion was spent on R&D in the United States in 1995, with ≈60% of that funding coming from the private sector and about 35% from the federal government. In comparison to other countries, we have historically spent more on. | National Academy of Sciences Colloquium Science Technology AND THE Economy About this PDF file This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book not from the original typesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original line lengths word breaks heading styles and other typesetting-specific formatting however cannot be retained and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution. TABLE OF CONTENTS i PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Table of Contents Papers from a National Academy of Sciences Colloquium on Science Technology and the Economy Science technology and economic growth 12655-12657 Ariel Pakes and Kenneth Trends and patterns in research and development expenditures in the United States 12658-12663 Adam Measuring science An exploration 12664-12670 James Adams and Zvi Griliches Flows of knowledge from universities and federal laboratories Modeling the flow of patent citations over time 12671-12677 and across institutional and geographic boundaries Adam and Manuel Trajtenberg The future of the national laboratories 12678-12685 Linda and Roger Long-term change in the organization of inventive activity 12686-12692 Naomi and Kenneth National policies for technical change Where are the increasing returns to economic research 12693-12700 Keith Pavitt Are the returns to technological change in health care declining Mark McClellan 12701-12708 Star scientists and institutional transformation Patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology industry Lynne and Michael 12709-12716 Evaluating the federal role in financing health-related research Alan and Paul 12717-12724 Public-private interaction in pharmaceutical .

• Kỹ thuật lập trình
• technological information
• Environmental change
• Star scientists
• technological change
• inventive activity
• national laboratories
• International Journal of computer science & communication networks
• Advancement of financial service industries in the technological age
• Financial service industries in the technological age
• The technological age
• Information Communication Technologies
• Human life since Palaeolithic period
• Information technology and Communications
• Digital divide
• Scientific and technological information station
• Science and technology
• Rural development
• Management information systems
• Technological progress
• The medium
• The long run
• The exchange rate
• Technological changes
• Infrastructure development
• Inventory of resources
• Endowment opportunities
• Threats to atmospheric resources
• realizing opportunities
• Health economics
• Medical implantable devices
• Personal information
• Personal privacy
• Information security
• Information systems modeling
• Business process
• Goal related drivers
• Model driven process change
• Technological drivers
• IT services
• Academy of ICT
• Government Leaders
• ICT trends
• Technological evolution
• Network building blocks
• Information superhighway
• Business and society
• The Technological Environment
• Characteristics of Technology
• Technology and Ethics
• Information Technology and Biotechnology
• The Business
• The Technology Ethics
• Lecture Economics
• Financial crisis
• Global market economy
• Information revolution
• Types of innovation
• BMC Pediatrics
• Investigated sociodemographic data
• Clinical information
• Technological profile
• Chronic disease
• ICT integration
• ICT related to online system
• ICT skills
• Online teaching skills
• Technological education beliefs
• Technological satisfaction
• Administrative satisfaction
• Service and supply satisfaction
• Pay satisfaction
• Job satisfaction
• Ebook Social computing
• Social computing
• Technological innovations
• Design methodologies
• Computer mediated communication learning environments
• Information technology
• Manufacturing systems engineering
• Manufacturing technology
• Production management
• Industrial economics
• Fundamentals of manufacturing systems
• Integrated manufacturing
• Technological information flow
• Next generation sequencing technologies
• Constant technological
• Multi omics experimental approaches
• Challenging bioinformatics
• Multi tiered information