TAILIEUCHUNG - Handbook of Scaling Methods in Aquatic Ecology_2

Aquatic scientists have always been intrigued with concepts of scale. This interest perhaps stems from the nature of ßuid dynamics in oceans and lakes energy cascades from spatial scales of kilometers down to viscous scales at centimeters or less. Turbulent processes affect not only an organism s perception of, and response to, the physical environment, but also the interaction between species, both within and across trophic levels. | 16 Fractal Dimension Estimation in Studies of Epiphytal and Epilithic Communities Strengths and Weaknesses John Davenport CONTENTS Fractal Analysis and Fractal Dimensions in How Is D Estimated .251 Areal Fractal Dimensions of Intertidal Rocky Substrata An Value of Fractal Dimension Estimation to Marine Ecological Limitations of Fractal References . 255 Introduction Newton rules biology but Euclid doesn t with apologies to Pennycuick It is many years since Mandelbrot1 published his The Fractal Geometry of Nature. However the significance of this seminal work has still to reach many biologists and ecologists so some basic principles need to be rehearsed before consideration of the use of fractal analysis in aquatic ecology. Fractal geometry extends beyond the familiar Euclidean geometry of lines and curves and has its roots in the 19th century see Lesmoir-Gordon et for a recent popular account but remained the province of mathematicians until Mandelbrot s intervention. He relied heavily on an obscure publication by Richardson 3 who had noted that published values for the length of geographical borders between countries differed between sources. Richardson found that such structures were usually measured from maps by the use of dividers and that the total length resulting from such measurements varied depending on the scale of the map and the length of the step at which the dividers were set as long as the borders were based on natural features rather than being perfectly Euclidian political boundaries. The shorter the step the longer the total length measured. He found that plotting log step length against log total length resulted in a straight line Figure provided that the dividers were not set too close together or too far apart. Mandelbrot4 published coastline information Figure derived from Richardson s .

• Sinh học
• Measurements
• Biological Scale Resolution
• Microstructure Measurements
• Biological–Physical Coupling
• Equatorial Pacific
• Aquatic Ecology
• Mechanical Measurements
• Theory for Mechanical Measurements
• Design for Mechanical Measurements
• Engineering measurements
• Thiết bị đo
• Đo lường cơ khí
• Jaffarabadi buffalo
• Milk yield
• Teat measurements
• Udder measurements
• Milk yield as affected by parity
• The psychometric properties of the nomophobia measurements
• The nomophobia measurements
• The nomophobia questionnaire
• Children and adolescents
• Nomophobia Scale
• Acoustic Propagation
• Ultrasonic Transducers
• Gray Scale Ultrasonic Imaging
• Doppler Flow Measurements
• Displacement Imaging
• Contrast Media
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• intelligent transmitters
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• Estimationof biochemical oxygen
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• Measurement of synchronous fluorescence spectra
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• Vietnam Journal of Mechanics
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• Given natural frequencies
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• Crack parameter derived
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• Identify flow patterns
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• Function separation distance
• Kwangju Institute of Science & Technology
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• The experimental data
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• Multichannel photon counting lidar measurements
• Digital storage oscilloscope
• The histogram of LIDAR signal
• Facilitate the development of sensitive lidar systems
• The USB oscilloscopes