TAILIEUCHUNG - Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water

There has been considerable debate in Canada on the relative contributions of mercury from natural sources versus releases to the environment from human activity. One of the challenges with this debate is the lack of accurate information on mercury emissions, past and present. Scientists have ana- lyzed sediment cores and determined that the levels of mercury in the environment today are more than double what they were in pre-industrial times. They have also measured mercury in the atmos- phere and found that it continues to increase globally at more than one per cent per year. Total global mercury emissions are estimated to be 5,000 tonnes per. | Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010 7 3657-3703 doi ijerph7103657 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 j ournal ij erph Review Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water João P. S. Cabral Center for Interdisciplinary Marine and Environmental Research C. I. I. M. A. R. Faculty of Sciences Oporto University Rua do Campo Alegre 4169-007 Oporto Portugal E-Mail jpcabral@ Tel. 351-220402751 Fax 351-220402799. Received 19 August 2010 in revised form 7 September 2010 Accepted 28 September 2010 Published 15 October 2010 Abstract Water is essential to life but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and many die of waterborne bacterial infections. In this review a general characterization of the most important bacterial diseases transmitted through water cholera typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery is presented focusing on the biology and ecology of the causal agents and on the diseases characteristics and their life cycles in the environment. The importance of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and emerging pathogens in drinking water-transmitted diseases is also briefly discussed. Microbiological water analysis is mainly based on the concept of fecal indicator bacteria. The main bacteria present in human and animal feces focusing on their behavior in their hosts and in the environment and the most important fecal indicator bacteria are presented and discussed focusing on the advantages and limitations of their use as markers . Important sources of bacterial fecal pollution of environmental waters are also briefly indicated. In the last topic it is discussed which indicators of fecal pollution should be used in current drinking water microbiological analysis. It was concluded that safe drinking water for all is one of the major challenges of the 21st century and that microbiological control of drinking water should be the norm everywhere. Routine basic

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