TAILIEUCHUNG - a textbook of modern toxicology phần 10

Mackay, D. đa phương tiện môi trường Mô hình: Cách tiếp cận Fugacity, 2 ed. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Nhà xuất bản năm 2001. Rand, G. M., ed. Nguyên tắc cơ bản của chất độc thủy sản: Phần II môi trường Fate. Washington, DC: Taylor và Francis, 1995. Schnoor, JL mô hình hóa môi trường | SUGGESTED READING 499 Mackay D. Multimedia Environmental Models The Fugacity Approach 2nd ed. Boca Raton FL Lewis Publishers 2001. Rand G. M. ed. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology Part II Environmental Fate. Washington DC Taylor and Francis 1995. Schnoor J. L. Environmental Modeling Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Water Air and Soil. New York Wiley 1996. Schwarzenbach R. P. P. M. Gschwend and D. M. Imboden. Environmental Organic Chemistry 2nd ed. New York Wiley 2002. CHAPTER 28 Environmental Risk Assessment DAMIAN SHEA INTRODUCTION Risk assessment is the process of assigning magnitudes and probabilities to adverse effects associated with an event. The development of risk assessment methodology has focused on accidental events . an airplane crash and specific environmental stresses to humans exposure of humans to chemicals and thus most risk assessment is characterized by discrete events or stresses affecting well-defined endpoints . incidence of human death or cancer . This single stress-single end point relationship allows the use of relatively simple statistical and mechanistic models to estimate risk and is widely used in human health risk assessment. However this simple paradigm has only partial applicability to ecological risk assessment because of the inherent complexity of ecological systems and the exposure to numerous physical chemical and biological stresses that have both direct and indirect effects on a diversity of ecological components processes and endpoints. Thus although the roots of ecological risk assessment can be found in human health risk assessment the methodology for ecological risk assessment is not well developed and the estimated risks are highly uncertain. Despite these limitations resource managers and regulators are looking to ecological risk assessment to provide a scientific basis for prioritizing problems that pose the greatest ecological risk and to focus research efforts in areas that will yield the greatest .

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