TAILIEUCHUNG - PESTICIDES IN SURFACE WATERS: Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors - Chapter 2

Đặc điểm nghiên cứu Reviewed 2,1 GIỚI THIỆU Tất cả các nghiên cứu trong cuốn sách này điều tra thuốc trừ sâu xảy ra trong một hoặc ma trận cột nước (nước, chất rắn lơ lửng, microlayer bề mặt, và hòa tan carbon hữu cơ). Nghiên cứu xem xét được tóm tắt trong bảng , và (nằm ở cuối chương), theo ba loại chính: (1) quốc gia và nghiên cứu theo dõi multistate, (2) nghiên cứu nhà nước và địa phương giám sát, và (3) quá trình và ma trận nghiên cứu phân phối. | CHAPTER 2 Characteristics of Studies Reviewed INTRODUCTION All studies included in this book investigated pesticide occurrence in one or more water column matrix water suspended solids surface microlayer and dissolved organic carbon . Studies reviewed are summarized in Tables and located at end of chapter according to three main categories 1 national and multistate monitoring studies 2 state and local monitoring studies and 3 process and matrix distribution studies. National and multistate monitoring studies Table are occurrence surveys for specific compounds or compound classes at several to many locations in multiple states. Relatively few of these large-scale studies have been conducted. The sampling sites included in these studies are shown in Figures through for the studies conducted in the 1950 s-1960 s 1970 s 1980 s and during 1990-1992 respectively. In the early studies 1950 s-1970 s the targeted pesticides were primarily the organochlorine insecticides OCs and the geographic emphasis was either the entire United States the western United States or the Great Lakes. More recent large-scale studies from the 1980 s and 1990 s have emphasized the current high-use herbicides in the Mississippi River Basin. State and local monitoring studies Table are occurrence surveys for specific compounds or compound classes usually at several to many sites within a specific area and are typically smaller than the state in which they were conducted. This group includes a few studies with one location sampled over several months to years as well as studies with many locations sampled for several days weeks or months. The geographic distribution of reviewed state and local studies is shown in Figure . Process and matrix distribution studies Table generally measured concentrations of one or more pesticides in surface water environments not considered to be ambient or natural. Included are studies of pesticide runoff from field plots .

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