TAILIEUCHUNG - MARINE BIOFOULING: COLONIZATION PROCESSES AND DEFENSES - CHAPTER 3

3 Temporary Planktonic Existence RELEASE OF PROPAGULES INTO PLANKTON The sources of colonization of living and non-living (inert) surfaces in the marine environment are communities inhabiting hard substrates of natural and artificial origin, and also soft grounds (see Chapter 1). They release dispersal forms, usually called propagules, into water: microorganisms, animal larvae, and macroalgal spores, which are potential colonists (foulers). The contribution of different hard-substrate communities to the colonization (biofouling) process is not the same. It may depend on the intensity of propagule production in communities, their species composition, the distance from fouled bodies, the pattern of the currents in the region. | 3 Temporary Planktonic Existence RELEASE OF PROPAGULES INTO PLANKTON The sources of colonization of living and non-living inert surfaces in the marine environment are communities inhabiting hard substrates of natural and artificial origin and also soft grounds see Chapter 1 . They release dispersal forms usually called propagules into water microorganisms animal larvae and macroalgal spores which are potential colonists foulers . The contribution of different hard-substrate communities to the colonization biofouling process is not the same. It may depend on the intensity of propagule production in communities their species composition the distance from fouled bodies the pattern of the currents in the region under consideration the season and a number of other factors. Close to the coast the main contribution seems to be made by the bottom communities whereas in the open ocean owing to distance from the shores the role of fouling communities developing on floating objects and oceanic debris becomes greater. In order to become part of the plankton and be carried by the current to the appropriate substrates microorganisms must be washed off the surface or detach themselves from it. Let us consider the ways sessile and motile forms enter the plankton. In case of excessive development the gelatinous matrix of the biofilm which is inhabited by microorganisms and covers the submerged objects becomes insufficiently durable and scraps of it are detached and carried away by water McIntire 1968 . This process is especially manifest when the current is strong. It occurs both on natural macroalgae and stones and artificial substrates. Rather a common mode of microorganisms entering the plankton is resuspension of marine bottom sediment for instance sand or silt grounds. The flow rate of 10 cm s typical of the littoral zone is quite sufficient to raise from the bottom and to carry away fine grains of sand silt and detritus together with the organisms inhabiting them de Jonge

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