TAILIEUCHUNG - OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P46

OCA /OCP Oracle Database 11g A ll-in-One Exam Guide- P46:There is an ever increasing demand for staff with IT industry certification. The benefits to employers are significant—they can be certain that staff have a certain level of competence—and the benefits to the individuals, in terms of demand for their services, are equally great. Many employers are now requiring technical staff to have certifications, and many IT purchasers will not buy from firms that do not have certified staff. | OCA OCP Oracle Database 11g All-in-One Exam Guide 406 in the form of ampersand substitution. Every element of the SELECT statement may be substituted and the reduction of queries to their core elements to facilitate reuse can save you hours of tedious and repetitive work. This section examines substitution variables and the DEFINE and VERIFY commands. Substitution Variables Substitution variables may be regarded as placeholders. A SQL query is composed of two or more clauses. Each clause can be divided into subclauses which are in turn made up of character text. Any text subclause or clause element is a candidate for substitution. Single Ampersand Substitution The most basic and popular form of SQL element is single ampersand substitution. The ampersand character is the symbol chosen to designate a substitution variable in a statement and precedes the variable name with no spaces between them. When the statement is executed the Oracle server processes the statement notices a substitution variable and attempts to resolve this variable s value in one of two ways. First it checks whether the variable is defined in the user session. The DEFINE command is discussed later in this chapter. If the variable is not defined the user process prompts for a value that will be substituted in place of the variable. Once a value is submitted the statement is complete and is executed by the Oracle server. The ampersand substitution variable is resolved at execution time and is sometimes known as runtime binding or runtime substitution. You may be required to look up contact information like PHONE_NUMBER data given either LAST_NAME or EMPLOYEE_ID values. This generic query may be written as select employee_id last_name phone_number from employees where last_name LASTNAME or employee_id EMPNO When running this query Oracle prompts you to input a value for the variable called LASTNAME. You enter an employee s last name if you know it for example King . If you don t know the last name .

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