TAILIEUCHUNG - Sổ tay RFID (P4)

Physical Principles of RFID Systems The vast majority of RFID systems operate according to the principle of inductive coupling. Therefore, understanding of the procedures of power and data transfer requires a thorough grounding in the physical principles of magnetic phenomena. This chapter therefore contains a particularly intensive study of the theory of magnetic fields from the point of view of RFID. | RFID Handbook Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification Second Edition Klaus Finkenzeller Copyright 2003 John Wiley Sons Ltd. _ ISBN 0-470-84402-7 4 Physical Principles of RFID Systems The vast majority of RFID systems operate according to the principle of inductive coupling. Therefore understanding of the procedures of power and data transfer requires a thorough grounding in the physical principles of magnetic phenomena. This chapter therefore contains a particularly intensive study of the theory of magnetic fields from the point of view of RFID. Electromagnetic fields radio waves in the classic sense are used in RFID systems that operate at above 30 MHz. To aid understanding of these systems we will investigate the propagation of waves in the far field and the principles of radar technology. Electric fields play a secondary role and are only exploited for capacitive data transmission in close coupling systems. Therefore this type of field will not be discussed further. Magnetic Field Magnetic field strength H Every moving charge electrons in wires or in a vacuum . flow of current is associated with a magnetic field Figure . The intensity of the magnetic field can be demonstrated experimentally by the forces acting on a magnetic needle compass or a second electric current. The magnitude of the magnetic field is described by the magnetic field strength H regardless of the material properties of the space. In the general form we can say that the contour integral of magnetic field strength along a closed curve is equal to the sum of the current strengths of the currents within it Kuchling 1985 . I j H ds We can use this formula to calculate the field strength H for different types of conductor. See Figure . 62 4 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF RFID SYSTEMS Figure Lines of magnetic flux are generated around every current-carrying conductor I Figure Lines of magnetic flux around a current-carrying conductor and a

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