TAILIEUCHUNG - Database Modeling & Design Fourth Edition- P17

Database Modeling & Design Fourth Edition- P17 | View Integration 67 a The concept of order as an entity b The concept of order as a relationship c The concept of order as an attribute Figure Schemas placement of an order words the concept of order has been variously represented as an entity a relationship and an attribute depending on perspective. There are four basic steps needed for conceptual schema integration 1. Preintegration analysis 2. Comparison of schemas 3. Conformation of schemas 4. Merging and restructuring of schemas Preintegration Analysis The first step preintegration analysis involves choosing an integration strategy. Typically the choice is between a binary approach with two 68 CHAPTER 4 Requirements Analysis and Conceptual Data Modeling schemas merged at one time and an n-ary approach with n schemas merged at one time where n is between 2 and the total number of schemas developed in the conceptual design. The binary approach is attractive because each merge involves a small number of data model constructs and is easier to conceptualize. The n-ary approach may require only one grand merge but the number of constructs may be so large that it is not humanly possible to organize the transformations properly. Comparison of Schemas In the second step comparison of schemas the designer looks at how entities correspond and detects conflicts arising from schema diversity that is from user groups adopting different viewpoints in their respective schemas. Naming conflicts include synonyms and homonyms. Synonyms occur when different names are given for the same concept these can be detected by scanning the data dictionary if one has been established for the database. Homonyms occur when the same name is used for different concepts. These can only be detected by scanning the different schemas and looking for common names. Structural conflicts occur in the schema structure itself. Type conflicts involve using different constructs to model the same concept. In Figure for example an .

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