TAILIEUCHUNG - Internetworking with TCP/IP- P29

Internetworking with TCP/IP- P29: TCP/IP has accommodated change well. The basic technology has survived nearly two decades of exponential growth and the associated increases in traffic. The protocols have worked over new high-speed network technologies, and the design has handled applications that could not be imagined in the original design. Of course, the entire protocol suite has not remained static. New protocols have been deployed, and new techniques have been developed to adapt existing protocols to new network technologies | 248 Reliable Stream Transport Service TCP Chap. 13 Send-Side Silly Window Avoidance The heuristic a sending TCP uses to avoid silly window syndrome is both surprising and elegant. Recall that the goal is to avoid sending small segments. Also recall that a sending application can generate data in arbitrarily small blocks . one octet at a time . Thus to achieve the goal a sending TCP must allow the sending application to make multiple calls to write and must collect the data transferred in each call before transmitting it in a single large segment. That is a sending TCP must delay sending a segment until it can accumulate a reasonable amount of data. The technique is known as clumping. The question arises How long should TCP wait before transmitting data On one hand if TCP waits too long the application experiences large delays. More important TCP cannot know whether to wait because it cannot know whether the application will generate more data in the near future. On the other hand if TCP does not wait long enough segments will be small and throughput will be low. Protocols designed prior to TCP confronted the same problem and used techniques to clump data into larger packets. For example to achieve efficient transfer across a network early remote terminal protocols delayed transmitting each keystroke for a few hundred milliseconds to determine whether the user would continue to press keys. Because TCP is designed to be general however it can be used by a diverse set of applications. Characters may travel across a TCP connection because a user is typing on a keyboard or because a program is transferring a file. A fixed delay is not optimal for all applications. Like the algorithm TCP uses for retransmission and the slow-start algorithm used to avoid congestion the technique a sending TCP uses to avoid sending small packets is adaptive the delay depends on the current performance of the internet. Like slow-start send-side silly window avoidance is called .

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