TAILIEUCHUNG - A New Ecology - Systems Perspective - Chapter 5

5 Ecosystems have connectivity “Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking.” INTRODUCTION The web of life is an appropriate metaphor for living systems, whether they are ecological, anthropological, sociological, or some integrated combination—as most on Earth now are | 4 12 2007 17 45 e 79 5 Ecosystems have connectivity Life did not take over the globe by combat but by networking. Margulis and Sagan. Microcosmos INTRODUCTION The web of life is an appropriate metaphor for living systems whether they are ecological anthropological sociological or some integrated combination as most on Earth now are. This phrase immediately conjures up the image of interactions and connectedness both proximate and distal a complex network of interacting parts each playing off one another providing constraints and opportunities for future behavior where the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Networks the term that has received much attention recently due to such common applications as the Internet Six Degrees of Separation terrorist networks epidemiology even MySpace actually has a long research history in ecology dating to at least Darwin s entangled bank a century and a half ago through the rise of systems ecology of the 1950s to the biogeochemical cycling models of the 1970s and the current focus on biodiversity stability and sustainability which all use networks and network concepts to some extent. It is appropriate that interconnected systems are viewed as networks because of the powerful exploratory advantage one has when employing the tools of network analysis graph theory matrix algebra and simulation modeling to name a few. Networks are comprised of a set of objects with direct transaction couplings between these objects. Although the exchange is a discrete transfer these transactions viewed in total link direct and indirect parts together in an interconnected web giving rise to the network structure. The structural relations that exist can outlast the individual parts that make up the web providing a pattern for life in which history and context are important. The connectivity of nature has important impacts on both the objects within the network and our attempts to understand it. If we ignore the .

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