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The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics Part 102. In the past decade, Cognitive Linguistics has developed into one of the most dynamic and attractive frameworks within theoretical and descriptive linguistics The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics is a major new reference that presents a comprehensive overview of the main theoretical concepts and descriptive/theoretical models of Cognitive Linguistics, and covers its various subfields, theoretical as well as applied. | 980 JÜAN BYBEE change in usage being only incidental Lightfoot 1979 . Croft 2000 presents a theory of language change that is in accord with recent findings in cognitive and functional studies of change. Croft s evolutionary theory of change suggests an analogy with genetic change in which it is the utterance that is replicated in communicative acts. This replication can be normal in the sense that exact utterances are replicated or more commonly replication is altered. Altered replication leads to the development of contextual variants and the gradual rearrangement of the relation between the conventional structures and their functions. The mechanisms by which utterances undergo altered replication are precisely the mechanisms of change that have been discussed in this chapter. All of the mechanisms discussed here automatization gestural reduction analogical reformation categorization metaphorical extension pragmatic inferencing generalization are processes that occur in individual communicative acts. Their frequent repetition and thus cumulative effect is language change but none of these processes is undertaken with the goal of changing the language. These processes operate like an invisible hand Keller 1994 . The audience for the juggler in the plaza does not plan to make a perfect circle the individuals each have the goal of trying to see better and the circle emerges from these individual acts. Similarly language users do not plan to change language but by using language in a multitude of communicative acts given the processes natural to human beings language change occurs. Recent studies in phonology morphology and syntax all point to a deep intermixing of grammar and lexicon. Lexical diffusion is shown to operate in all areas change does not occur in a rule-like fashion in which all items submit to the rule at one time. Rather change gradually diffuses across the mental representations of language. Here also usage is important as shown by the frequency .
