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EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 2003:10, 941–952 c 2003 Hindawi Publishing Corporation Physically Informed Signal Processing Methods for Piano Sound Synthesis: A Research Overview ´ Balazs Bank Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Faculty of Electronical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-111 Budapest, Hungary Email: bank@mit.bme.hu Federico Avanzini Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy Email: avanzini@dei.unipd.it Gianpaolo Borin Dipartimento di Informatica, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy Email: borin@prn.it Giovanni De Poli Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy Email: depoli@dei.unipd.it Federico Fontana Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy Email: fontana@sci.univr.it Davide Rocchesso Dipartimento di Informatica, University. | EURASIP Journal onApplied Signal Processing 2003 10 941-952 2003 Hindawi Publishing Corporation Physically Informed Signal Processing Methods for Piano Sound Synthesis A Research Overview Balazs Bank Department of Measurement and Information Systems Faculty of Electronical Engineering and Informatics Budapest University of Technology and Economics H-111 Budapest Hungary Email bank@mit.bme.hu Federico Avanzini Department of Information Engineering University of Padova 35131 Padua Italy Email avanzini@dei.unipd.it Gianpaolo Borin Dipartimento di Informatica University of Verona 37134 Verona Italy Email borin@prn.it Giovanni De Poli Department of Information Engineering University of Padova 35131 Padua Italy Email depoli@dei.unipd.it Federico Fontana Department of Information Engineering University of Padova 35131 Padua Italy Email fontana@sci.univr.it Davide Rocchesso Dipartimento di Informatica University of Verona 37134 Verona Italy Email rocchesso@sci.univr.it Received 31 May 2002 and in revised form 6 March 2003 This paper reviews recent developments in physics-based synthesis of piano. The paper considers the main components of the instrument that is the hammer the string and the soundboard. Modeling techniques are discussed for each of these elements together with implementation strategies. Attention is focused on numerical issues and each implementation technique is described in light of its efficiency and accuracy properties. As the structured audio coding approach is gaining popularity the authors argue that the physical modeling approach will have relevant applications in the field of multimedia communication. Keywords and phrases sound synthesis audio signal processing structured audio physical modeling digital waveguide piano. 1. INTRODUCTION Sounds produced by acoustic musical instruments can be described at the signal level where only the time evolution of the acoustic pressure is considered and no assumptions on the generation mechanism are made. .