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For all these reasons, many teachers now refer to the initial stages of grammar learning as awareness raising. Awareness raising is what happens when the current state of the learner's grammar knowledge re-organises itself in response to new discoveries. Unlike traditional (teacher-led) presentation, awareness raising is essentially learner-led. | 2 3 PRESENT TENSE FOR NARRATION .T . M rt WI Y V . f p M r i g.a r n I m n np WJT VEL . Section A intermediate ------------------ AIM T ME . - to introduce the narrative use of the present simple 45-50 minutes DISCOVERY 1. Write the following sentence on the board or project it and ask the students to tell you what tense it is and what time it refers to He goes to a pharmacy. Students will correctly identify it as present simple and may say that it refers to a timeless present or to an habitual present etc. 2. Tell them you are going to supply more context to the sentence and ask them to tell you if their original hypothesis still holds true. If you are using an overhead transparency you can reveal the context having previously masked it. There s this duck. One day he goes to a pharmacy. He asks for some lip-salve. The pharmacist says. Students should now be able to tell you that the time reference is to the past and that the text is a narrative specifically a joke. They might like to guess the ending Point out that this use of the present simple is common in certain kinds of narratives such as jokes spoken anecdotes and the summaries of the plots of films plays etc. The use of the present tense to describe past events is one instance of a mismatch between tense and time. Other examples of this mismatch include the use of the past tense in sentences with present reference such as It s time you went to bed - see 1.20. CONSOLIDATION 1. Copy and distribute the following jumbled text. Tell the students it consists of two texts that have been mixed together although the order of the sentences within each text is correct. They have to separate out the two texts. They can do this by numbering the sentences 1 or 2 depending on which text it belongs to. Once upon a time in the Kingdom of Dogs there was a king. There s this man and he goes into a bar with his dog. He was a big black dog with a white stripe on his forehead. The barman says You can t bring a dog in here. He .
