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Các chi phí của một công trình xây dựng cho chủ sở hữu bao gồm cả chi phí vốn ban đầu và hoạt động tiếp theo và chi phí bảo trì. | 5. Cost Estimation 5.1 Costs Associated with Constructed Facilities The costs of a constructed facility to the owner include both the initial capital cost and the subsequent operation and maintenance costs. Each of these major cost categories consists of a number of cost components. The capital cost for a construction project includes the expenses related to the inital establishment of the facility Land acquisition including assembly holding and improvement Planning and feasibility studies Architectural and engineering design Construction including materials equipment and labor Field supervision of construction Construction financing Insurance and taxes during construction Owner s general office overhead Equipment and furnishings not included in construction Inspection and testing The operation and maintenance cost in subsequent years over the project life cycle includes the following expenses Land rent if applicable Operating staff Labor and material for maintenance and repairs Periodic renovations Insurance and taxes Financing costs Utilities Owner s other expenses The magnitude of each of these cost components depends on the nature size and location of the project as well as the management organization among many considerations. The owner is interested in achieving the lowest possible overall project cost that is consistent with its investment objectives. It is important for design professionals and construction managers to realize that while the construction cost may be the single largest component of the capital cost other cost components are not insignificant. For example land acquisition costs are a major expenditure for building construction in high-density urban areas and construction financing costs can reach the same order of magnitude as the construction cost in large projects such as the construction of nuclear power plants. 132 From the owner s perspective it is equally important to estimate the corresponding operation and maintenance cost of each .
