Đang chuẩn bị nút TẢI XUỐNG, xin hãy chờ
Tải xuống
We investigate the verbal and nonverbal means for grounding, and propose a design for embodied conversational agents that relies on both kinds of signals to establish common ground in human-computer interaction. We analyzed eye gaze, head nods and attentional focus in the context of a direction-giving task. The distribution of nonverbal behaviors differed depending on the type of dialogue move being grounded, and the overall pattern reflected a monitoring of lack of negative feedback. Based on these results, we present an ECA that uses verbal and nonverbal grounding acts to update dialogue state. . | Towards a Model of Face-to-Face Grounding Yukiko I. Nakanot tt Gabe Reinsteinf MIT Media Laboratory E15-315 20 Ames Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA yukiko gabe tstocky justine @media.mit.edu Tom Stocky Justine Casself Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society RISTEX 2-5-1 Atago Minato-ku Tokyo 105-6218 Japan nakano@kc.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp Abstract We investigate the verbal and nonverbal means for grounding and propose a design for embodied conversational agents that relies on both kinds of signals to establish common ground in human-computer interaction. We analyzed eye gaze head nods and attentional focus in the context of a direction-giving task. The distribution of nonverbal behaviors differed depending on the type of dialogue move being grounded and the overall pattern reflected a monitoring of lack of negative feedback. Based on these results we present an ECA that uses verbal and nonverbal grounding acts to update dialogue state. 1 Introduction An essential part of conversation is to ensure that the other participants share an understanding of what has been said and what is meant. The process of ensuring that understanding - adding what has been said to the common ground - is called grounding 1 . In face-to-face interaction nonverbal signals as well as verbal participate in the grounding process to indicate that an utterance is grounded or that further work is needed to ground. Figure 1 shows an example of human face-to-face conversation. Even though no verbal feedback is provided the speaker S continues to add to the directions. Intriguingly the listener gives no explicit nonverbal feedback - no nods or gaze towards S. S however is clearly monitoring the listener s behavior as we see by the fact that S looks at her twice continuous lines above the words . In fact our analyses show that maintaining focus of attention on the task dash-dot lines underneath the words is the listener s public signal belhavioA lookat map ____gaze at listener _ 580 S G to .
