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At the same time, however, economists were proposing effluent taxes as a policy that could both generate incentives to meet ambient quality targets and minimize the costs of doing so. Moreover, proponents of effluent fees received a receptive hearing in the political arena. The Environmental Pollution Panel of the President’s Science Advisory Committee recommended in 1965 “that careful study be given to tax-like systems in which all polluters would be subject to ‘effluent charges’ in proportion to their contribution to pollution . Effluent charges have enhanced effects because individual polluters always have a prospect of financial gain from. | A.K. Chapagain A.Y. Hoekstra H.H.G. Savenije R. Gautam September 2005 The water footprint of cotton consumption Value of Water Research Report Series No. 18 UNESCO-1 HE Institute for Water Education umi The water footprint of cotton consumption A.K. Chapagain A.Y. Hoekstra H.H.G. Savenije R. Gautam September 2005 Value of Water Research Report Series No. 18 UNESCO-IHE Delft P.O. Box 3015 2601 DA Delft The Netherlands Contact author Arjen Hoekstra E-mail .