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Tham khảo tài liệu 'adaptive techniques for dynamic processor optimization_theory and practice episode 2 part 2', kỹ thuật - công nghệ, cơ khí - chế tạo máy phục vụ nhu cầu học tập, nghiên cứu và làm việc hiệu quả | 170 Alan Drake microprocessor. This monitor has a 12-bit thermometer-code output. One advantage of a thermometer-code output is the ability to quantify noise processes in test and debug as well as during operation. This monitor provides a sampling function as well as maintaining the worst-case delay since it was last read. Table 7.1 Comparison chart of different critical path monitors in the literature. Column order is by date of publication. 10 9 14 24 2 Application 16x16 multiplier IBM POWER6 Intel Montecito MPEG4 decoder 64-bit alpha Synchronizer Flip-flop Flip-flop Finite state machine Pulse generator Flip-flop or Razor latch Delay path One serial path Five parallel paths Two synthesis paths each has two serial paths in parallel 1 serial path Embedded into actual critical path Time-to-digital conversion Flipflop 1 bit Flip-flop 12-bit thermometer code Multiplexing latch 2 bits Flip-flop n-bit thermometer code Razor latch 1 bit Monitor density 1 8 core 12 core 1 chip 192 chip Technology 0.18 pm 65 nm 90 nm 0.18 pm 0.18 pm Approximate 1 area 1000 flip- flops 215 flipflops 100 flipflops 100 flip-flops 2-3 flipflops Target Frequency 90 MHz 4-5 GHz 2-2.5 GHz 8-123 MHz 200 MHz 1 The monitor area is the approximate area as a multiple of the area of a single flip-flop not the number of flip-flops in the monitor. This metric is used to allow comparisons to be made independently of technology. Target frequency has a large impact on area as it impacts the length of the delay lines used to synthesize the critical path. Area is based on published descriptions and except for 9 does not include configuration control and test logic not described. Chapter 7 Sensors for Critical Path Monitoring 171 The critical path monitor in 10 has a clever self-calibrating scheme that adjusts the critical path settings based on the output of a process sensitive ring oscillator. This monitor is very large and could not be widely distributed around an integrated circuit without significant area
