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2 Treatment Wetlands The use of wetlands for treating wastewater is probably the best example of ecological engineering because the mix of ecology and engineering is nearly even. The idea is to use an ecosystem type (wetlands) to address a specific human need that ordinarily requires a great deal of engineering. | 2 Treatment Wetlands INTRODUCTION The use of wetlands for treating wastewater is probably the best example of ecological engineering because the mix of ecology and engineering is nearly even. The idea is to use an ecosystem type wetlands to address a specific human need that ordinarily requires a great deal of engineering wastewater treatment . This application of ecological engineering emerged in the early 1970s from a number of experimental trials and is today a growing industry based on a tremendous amount of experience as reflected by a large published literature. Although there is of course still much to be learned the use of wetlands for wastewater treatment is no longer a novel experimental idea but rather an accepted technology that is beginning to mature and to diffuse throughout the U.S. and elsewhere. The focus of the chapter is on treatment of domestic sewage with wetlands which was the first application of the technology but many other kinds of wastewaters urban stormwater runoff agricultural and industrial pollution and acid mine drainage are now treated with wetlands. Domestic sewage probably is the least toxic wastewater produced by humans and in hindsight it was logical that ecologists would choose it as the first type of wastewater to test for treatment with wetlands. The dominant parameters of sewage that require treatment are total suspended solids TSS organic materials measured by biological oxygen demand BOD nutrients primarily nitrogen and phosphorus and pathogenic microbes primarily viruses and fecal coliform bacteria . In a sense wetlands are preadapted to treat these parameters in a wastewater flow because they normally receive runoff waters from surrounding terrestrial systems in natural landscapes. Wetlands are sometimes said to act as a sponge in absorbing and slowly releasing water flow and as a filter in removing materials from water flow these qualities preadapt them for use in wastewater treatment. STRATEGY OF THE CHAPTER A .
