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English with a basic knowledge of descriptive linguistics and a fairly advanced proficiency in English. Difficult as it is to reconcile these two purposes with each other, we have attempted to write a grammar that comes up to this double expectation. | VII. Factors influencing the choice of temporal W-interpretation 287 VII. Factors influencing the choice of temporal W-interpretation 5.30 The indefinite reading versus the continuative interpretation 5.30.1 As we have seen there are present perfect sentences that can only receive a continuative reading for one of the reasons given in 5.9 and others that can only receive an indefinite reading e. g. because the situation time is punctual as in He has been shot . In some cases the same VP in the present perfect can be used in a sentence receiving a continuative interpretation and in a sentence receiving an indefinite reading. In that case if there is an adverbial specifying a period leading up to now e.g. since then the continuative interpretation is the unmarked reading i. e. it is the reading that is automatically selected unless it is rendered unlikely or impossible by the context .19 If there is no such adverbial and no contextual specification of a particular period leading up to now only the indefinite interpretation suggests itself. Since 1982 John has lived in Paris. naturally interpreted as continuative Since 1982 John has lived in Paris and in London and in several other places too. The continuative interpretation of has lived in Paris is blocked by the rest of the sentence. John has lived in Paris. indefinite interpretation 5.30.2 Nonprogressive present perfect clauses containing a duration adverbial with for can in principle yield either the indefinite or the continuative reading. This is true of each of the following John has watched TV for 3 hours. The continuative reading is It is now three hours that John has been in the progress of watching TV while the indefinite reading is It has happened at least once in a pre-present period that the situation of John-watching-TV-for-three-hours actualized . John has played tennis dug the garden sat on that stool for 3 hours. However an indefinite reading can be imposed by the context or by an adverb like ever .
