Đang chuẩn bị nút TẢI XUỐNG, xin hãy chờ
Tải xuống
We introduce those concepts necessary to describe the way in which tenses are used to locate situa¬tions in time relative to speech time and to each other, for example the concept of 'situation time', and the concept of 'orientation time' (or 'time of orienta¬tion') — roughly speaking, a 'known' time to which a situation time can be related bv a tense. | 756 14. Adverbial before-clauses and after-clauses 14.22 Summary of the discussion of after-clauses 14.22.1 The most common tense configurations in sentences consisting of a head clause and an after-clause referring to the past are illustrated by the following sentences John arrived after Mary left. John arrived after Mary had left. In John arrived after Mary left the two situations are interpreted as t0-factual. This means that both preterite forms are absolute tense forms establishing two separate domains. The temporal W-relation between the two central orientation times is expressed by after. In John arrived after Mary had left there is only one past domain established by arrived. Mary s leaving is represented as T-anterior to this central orientation time arrived by had left. That John s arrival followed Mary s leaving is also expressed by after. John s arrival is interpreted as t0-factual because arrived is an absolute past tense and Mary s leaving is also interpreted as t0-factual because what precedes a t0-factual situation must also be t0-fac-tual. The temporal structure of John arrived after Mary had left is represented by Figure 14.18. Figure 14.18. The temporal structure of John arrived after Mary had left. When the reference is to the post-present the corresponding sentences are the following John will arrive after Mary leaves. John will arrive after Mary has left. In both cases there is only one post-present domain established by will arrive. The situation time of the after-clause is bound by the implicit Anchor time in terms of T-simultaneity leaves or more frequently T-anteriority has left . In other words only the head clause can use the Absolute Future System the after-clause has to use the Pseudo-t0-System. III. Summary 757 14.22.2 If the time of the head clause situation is represented as T-posterior to an orientation time in a past domain the situation time of the after-clause cannot also be represented as T-posterior to the orientation time in
