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Chapter 42 - Circulation and gas exchange. After studying this chapter you will be able to: Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems; compare and contrast the circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals or birds; distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits and explain the function of each;. | CHAPTER 42 CIRCULATION AND GAS EXCHANGE Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Section A1: Circulation in Animals 1. Transport systems functionally connect the organs of exchange with the body cells: an overview 2. Most invertebrates have a gastrovascular cavity or a circulatory system for internal transport 3. Vertebrate phylogeny is reflected in adaptations of the cardiovascular system Every organism must exchange materials and energy with its environment, and this exchange ultimately occurs at the cellular level. Cells live in aqueous environments. The resources that they need, such as nutrients and oxygen, move across the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Metabolic wastes, such as carbon dioxide, move out of the cell. Introduction Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most animals have organ systems specialized for exchanging materials with the environment, and many have an internal transport system that conveys fluid (blood or interstitial fluid) throughout the body. For aquatic organisms, structures like gills present an expansive surface area to the outside environment. Oxygen dissolved in the surrounding water diffuses across the thin epithelium covering the gills and into a network of tiny blood vessels (capillaries). At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses out into the water. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diffusion alone is not adequate for transporting substances over long distances in animals - for example, for moving glucose from the digestive tract and oxygen from the lungs to the brain of mammal. 1. Transport systems functionally connect the organs of exchange with the body cells: an overview Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Diffusion is insufficient over distances of more than a few millimeters, because the time it takes for a substance to diffuse from one place to another is proportional to . | CHAPTER 42 CIRCULATION AND GAS EXCHANGE Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Section A1: Circulation in Animals 1. Transport systems functionally connect the organs of exchange with the body cells: an overview 2. Most invertebrates have a gastrovascular cavity or a circulatory system for internal transport 3. Vertebrate phylogeny is reflected in adaptations of the cardiovascular system Every organism must exchange materials and energy with its environment, and this exchange ultimately occurs at the cellular level. Cells live in aqueous environments. The resources that they need, such as nutrients and oxygen, move across the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Metabolic wastes, such as carbon dioxide, move out of the cell. Introduction Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most animals have organ systems specialized for exchanging materials with the environment, and many have an internal transport system that .
