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The period of twentyfour hours formed by the regular revolution of our Earth.is apparent in all diseases. It is, as it were, the unit of our natural chronology. — Christopher William | The period of twenty-four hours formed by the regular revolution of our Earth.is apparent in all diseases. It is, as it were, the unit of our natural chronology. — Christopher William Hufeland, 1796 SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS BMAL1:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like CLOCK: Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput Bmal (brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT)-like) CK1ε : casein kinase 1ε Rhythm of waking (blue lines) and sleeping (red lines) of a volunteer in an isolation chamber with and without cues about the day-night cycle. Numbers represent the mean ± standard deviation of a complete waking/sleeping cycle during each period (blue triangles represent times when the rectal temperature was maximum). (After Aschoff, 1965, as reproduced in Schmidt et. al., 1983.) CRY (cryptochrome), CLOCK (C) (Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput), BMAL1 (B) (brain and muscle, ARNT-like), PER1 (Period1), PER2 (Period2), PER3 (Period3), and . | The period of twenty-four hours formed by the regular revolution of our Earth.is apparent in all diseases. It is, as it were, the unit of our natural chronology. — Christopher William Hufeland, 1796 SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS BMAL1:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like CLOCK: Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput Bmal (brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT)-like) CK1ε : casein kinase 1ε Rhythm of waking (blue lines) and sleeping (red lines) of a volunteer in an isolation chamber with and without cues about the day-night cycle. Numbers represent the mean ± standard deviation of a complete waking/sleeping cycle during each period (blue triangles represent times when the rectal temperature was maximum). (After Aschoff, 1965, as reproduced in Schmidt et. al., 1983.) CRY (cryptochrome), CLOCK (C) (Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput), BMAL1 (B) (brain and muscle, ARNT-like), PER1 (Period1), PER2 (Period2), PER3 (Period3), and vasopressin prepropressophysin (VP) (clock controlled genes; ccg) Anatomical underpinnings of circadian rhythms. The hypothalamus, showing the location of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which in mammals is the primary “biological clock.” The name “suprachiasmatic” derives from the location of the nucleus just above the optic chiasm. Diagram of the pathway from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland. Activation of specific neural circuits triggers sleep and wakefulness. Electrical stimulation of the cholinergic neurons near the junction of pons and midbrain (the reticular activating system) causes a sleeping cat to awaken. Electrical stimulation of the thalamus causes an awake cat to fall asleep. Graphs show EEG recordings before and during stimulation. Summary of subcortical/cortical interactions that generate wakefulness and sleep. A variety of brainstem nuclei using several different neurotransmitters determine mental status on a continuum that ranges from deep sleep to a high .
