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Although most NLP researchers agree that a level of "logical form" is a necessary step toward the goal of representing the meaning of a sentence, few people agree on the content and form of this level of representation. An even smaller number of people have considered the complex action sentences that are often expressed in taskoriented dialogues. Most existing logical form representations have been developed for single-clause sentences that express assertions about properties or actual actions and in which time is not a main concern. In contrast, utterances in task-oriented dialogues often express unrealized actions, e.g., (la), multiple actions. | Logical Form of Complex Sentences in Task-Oriented Dialogues Cecile T. Balkanski Harvard University Aiken Computation Lab Cambridge MA 02138 Introduction Although most NLP researchers agree that a level of logical form is a necessary step toward the goal of representing the meaning of a sentence few people agree on the content and form of this level of representation. An even smaller number of people have considered the complex action sentences that are often expressed in task-oriented dialogues. Most existing logical form representations have been developed for single-clause sentences that express assertions about properties or actual actions and in which time is not a main concern. In contrast utterances in task-oriented dialogues often express unrealized actions e.g. la multiple actions and relations between them e.g. lb and temporal information e.g. lc 1 a. What about rereading the Operations manual b. By getting the key and unlocking the gate you get ten points. c. When the red light goes off push the handle. In the following sections I discuss the issues that arise in defining the logical form of these three types of sentences. The Davidsonian treatment of action sentences is the most appropriate for my purposes because it treats actions as individuals 7 . For example the logical form of Jones buttered the toast is a three place predicate including an argument position for the action being described i.e. 3x butter jones toast x . The presence of the action variable makes it possible to represent optional modifiers as predications of actions and to refer to actions in subsequent discourse. Furthermore and more importantly for the present purpose it facilitates the representation of sentences about multiple actions and relations between them. Unrealized-action sentences A Davidsonian logical form of sentence la namely 3x reread us manual x makes the claim that there exists a particular action X. But this is not the intended meaning of the sentence. Instead this
